Full Issue: AccessWorld August 2020

Editor's Page: Focusing on Entrepreneurship

Dear AccessWorld Readers,

As the summer comes to a close, AccessWorld once again turns its eye to self-employment. For many years we have focused our October issue on employment in recognition of Disability Employment Awareness month, but with the unemployment rate for those with vision loss still being unconscionably high and the benefits that self employment can bring, we decided to shine our August spotlight on this facet of work.

In this month's Employment Matters column, Deborah Kendrick speaks with Casey Mathews, Founder of WebFriendlyHelp, where he provides technical support for people who are blind or have low vision with their technology. Casey's story is an interesting one, particularly considering that he chose to leave his existing employer to begin WebFriendlyHelp. If you are considering starting your own business, his experience may be helpful to you.

If you intend to start a business, you will inevitably contend with forms from various sources. In his article this month, J.J. Meddaugh walks you through the pitfalls and hurdles you may experience while completing business related forms, while also providing tips and advice regarding the formats you will encounter.

The COVID-19 pandemic has derailed almost all large gatherings for the foreseeable future, including the annual NFB and ACB national conventions. Deborah Kendrick explains how both organizations were able to adapt to this situation and host successful conventions.

Having access to refreshable braille can be invaluable in many situations, but if you, like me, prefer and are most comfortable using a QWERTY keyboard, you may find your productivity slowed when using a braille keyboard, or find yourself awkwardly switching between your display and a QWERTY. Scott Davert explains how you can have your cake, and eat it too, with the new Mantis display from the American Printing House for the Blind, which swaps the traditional braille keyboard with a QWERTY keyboard.

Since the advent of the modern smartphone 12 years ago, creating innovative apps for mobile devices has been a popular path for many entrepreneurs. If you are interested in this field but don't know where to start learning how to program, Swift Playgrounds may be an option. Swift is a programming language developed for most Apple operating systems (iOS, Mac OS, Watch OS, etc.) that has a reputation of being easy to learn and use. This month Janet Ingber reviews Swift Playgrounds, a program that teaches the language to complete beginners.

Finishing out the August issue, we have two Book reviews. Though it may seem counter-intuitive at first, becoming a well-regarded photographer when you have vision loss is quite achievable. If you are interested in this field as a hobby or a potential career, Judy Dixon's book on this subject could be quite useful to you, Bill Holton writes.

The iPhone and related devices were a game changer for people with vision loss. What used to take multiple specialized devices to accomplish can now be achieved with a single iOS device and a few inexpensive apps. Increasingly, an iOS device is also the first computer someone encounters. In an act of extraordinary generosity, Michael Feir has made his 250,000-word book on iOS free for all to download and read. In his article, Steve Kelley speaks with Michael on the subject of iOS and his reasons for composing this work while also reviewing the book itself.

At AccessWorld, we are extremely fortunate to have an amazing group of talented and dedicated authors who produce superlative content each month. It's their efforts that make AccessWorld such a success. I would like to sincerely thank them for all of their hard work and dedication.

You may recall AFB's Inform and Connect series that was mentioned in a previous AccessWorld news. To refresh, Inform & Connect is the American Foundation for the Blind’s ongoing series created to foster togetherness and camaraderie within the blindness community through informal storytelling and learning about relevant, interesting topics. Each week, an interesting individual connected to vision loss tells their story, and now those stories are being collected in the Inform and Connect podcast. If you're looking for more information about entrepreneurship, you might find the Inform and Connect podcast of interest as several of the interviewees are themselves entrepreneurs. At the time of this writing, Episode 1 is live with more to come.

We at AccessWorld are always interested in your thoughts, comments, and feedback. If you would like to contact us, you can send me an email. Often, messages we receive are published in our Letters to the Editor section. Do you have a comment on an article? Further questions on something we have covered? Want to express your opinion on a topic we've discussed? We'd love to hear from you! If you would prefer that your comment not be published, please note this in your message. We also generally include the name of each writer when publishing letters, if you'd like your message published without your name, please let us know when you send your message.

Sincerely,

Aaron Preece

Acting Editor, AccessWorld

American Foundation for the Blind

August Table of Contents

Employment Matters: Casey Mathews, Entrepreneur and Founder of Web Friendly Help

Deborah Kendrick

You think you are a pretty competent computer user. Then, one morning you're sailing along, doing research, writing reports, examining spreadsheets, and: boom! Your screen is frozen. JAWS isn't talking. Or your magnified text shrank to nothing. You wish you had your own private tech support specialist or computer rescue team experienced with access technology for people with visual impairments.

Or maybe you have not been a fan of technology, using your computer only to check email messages from your family and friends. And now, with the pandemic and its accompanying isolation, you wish you could learn more, get some training on that computer or smartphone so you could attend virtual meetings or do some online shopping. How could you possibly find training now, while staying in your own COVID-free environment?

This month's Employment Matters spotlight is on Casey Matthews, an extraordinary talent AccessWorld readers deserve to meet.

I have known Casey Mathews for a long time. I knew he was super savvy with all things computer in the access technology arena, and I knew he started a business, Web Friendly Help, last year for training and troubleshooting. Before writing about him, I wanted to find out exactly how he does what he does and whether we should recommend him in AccessWorld. How better to do this than to subscribe to his service?

I emailed him a question: Could he teach me Twitter? When his confident affirmative reply came back, I went over to the Web Friendly Help website and signed up up for a membership that renews quarterly and, honestly, Casey had earned his first quarterly fee in our first official conversation.

If methodical, targeted training is what you need, Casey provides that. My own need is more of a scattershot "Bail me out of this unexpected situation" thing, and he proved to be excellent at supporting this style of learning as well.

In the Beginning

When Casey Mathews was a kid in Daytona Beach, Fla. public schools, reading was a struggle. Born three months prematurely, his survival was accompanied by the same casualty as so many others who received extra oxygen: he was not able to see. At least, he was not able to see much.

Until he was 13, he had enough vision "to be dangerous," as he puts it—recalling tales of bike flips and near misses—but with concentration and determination, he could manage to read enough of that pesky print to survive. Then, on the brink of adolescence, after a dozen or so eye surgeries that all ultimately failed, the miniscule amount of eyesight he possessed was gone. It was time to learn braille.

For whatever reason (and probably the rebelliousness inherent in every teenager had something to do with it), learning braille was a struggle. He only really worked at using it when teachers in his public high school told him he had to know how to read in order to take and pass the high school competency test. No braille, no graduation. He took and passed the test, but still did not much like braille.

High school was also when he first got introduced to a computer and was immediately captivated by the fact that it could talk. As he says on his company website: “I heard the computer talk and it changed my world forever.” The state-of-the-art system at the time, the mid 1990s, was JAWS for DOS. Casey got permission to take the learning tapes for JAWS home, where he listened and absorbed all the good news they contained. When introduced to the OpenBook software and a scanner, he found empowerment in going to the library, checking out a print book, and taking it home to read.

“Growing up, reading was always a waiting game,” he says, “waiting for someone else to read to me. I wasn’t good enough with braille and I couldn’t read print. Now, I could take a book out of the library, scan it, and read it on my own time.”

After high school he tried community college, but was just not adequately prepared. He didn't know how to find readers, arrange for accessible textbooks, figure out adequate procedures for taking tests. A self-proclaimed introvert, he says he was never very good at asking for help. He dropped out and started looking for work.

Casey explored ways to learn more about what he knew and loved best: computers. Before long, he was on his way to Lions World in Little Rock, Arkansas. They promoted braille there, too, he says, but braille never did turn out to be Casey Mathews’s cup of tea. Technology was, though, and he was soon on his way back to Florida as a Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer.

Making College Work

For a while, Casey taught access technology in Daytona Beach, and did some work for Serotek and a Florida paratransit company. He concluded, however, that a college degree was the missing piece in his work credentials, and figured out how to get one without the social environment of a college campus that just wasn’t right for him. In 2004, he launched his four-year-college life, taking all courses online with the University of Phoenix. 2004 was also the year Casey married his wife, Judy, who was by then working as a rehabilitation teacher for the Lighthouse of Central Florida in Orlando. In 2007, the Lighthouse hired Casey fulltime as an access technology instructor and in 2008, he received his bachelor’s degree in information technology.

Sharing the Passion

Since that first computer in high school, Casey Mathews has had a passion for the power of technology, particularly as that power enhances the quality of life for people who are blind or visually impaired.

Once he discovered the Internet, online shopping, tools for navigation, the ability to research, and on and on, he loved not only figuring out how to use everything, but sharing that knowledge with others as well. Over the last 20 years, he has been a technology problem solver for people in all walks of life, and eventually, his dream of working for himself evolved.

Last year, he set up his online training and troubleshooting business, Web Friendly Help. His plan was to find a way to offer the power of access technology to others, for work and play, but to do it at a price that individuals could afford. His solution is a subscription-based platform. You can sign up for a month, a quarter, or a year, and the prices are a mere fraction of what other trainers might charge. If you want weekly lessons on how to use NVDA or VoiceOver, or if you just want someone to rescue you when you are on deadline and can’t figure out how to use a particular website, your membership puts help within the manageable reach of an email or phone call.

Growing the Business

When Casey took that entrepreneurial plunge, he established Web Friendly Help as an LLC, using his own computer savvy to do all of the legal registration and filing himself. He built his website with WordPress. He began spreading the news by word of mouth. Since Casey and Judy Mathews are both blind and users of access technology themselves, they were connected with other groups of blind people and potential customers.

One by one, people began reaching out, testing the water, so to speak, to see if Web Friendly Help could fill their tech needs. On June 30, Casey took a bigger plunge , leaving his fulltime job with the Lighthouse in order to devote all of his time to growing his own business.

Since all training and troubleshooting is done remotely, his customers come from everywhere. He has members in Hawaii, Louisiana, Ohio, and, of course, Florida. Sometimes, someone needs a solution to a discrete problems. At other times, a customer needs weekly training to teach JAWS or NVDA or Outlook or WordPress or something else. He is particularly interested in helping other blind entrepreneurs reach for their dreams.

Getting a job is tough for anyone who is blind, he believes, and finding a job is typically a full-time job in itself. If you have a skill or aptitude or idea that can be turned into a business, why not put that time into going to work for yourself,? Since he has laid just such a foundation for his own work life, he is eager to share what he has learned to help others nurture that entrepreneurial spirit.

Measuring Outcomes

At this writing, Web Friendly Help is one year old, still in its infancy as a company. Casey says that the support and encouragement of his wife, Judy, now the vision rehabilitation supervisor at Lighthouse of Central Florida, has been an essential ingredient to enabling him to pursue his dream. In addition to JAWS and NVDA certification, he is now a certified vendor in the state of Florida, which means that residents of that state who are receiving services from the Division of Blind Services can request training from Web Friendly Help and their training will be paid for by vocational rehabilitation. For others paying privately from anywhere, the rates are affordable no matter what your budget. His own technology tools are simple, a laptop and an iPhone, and he says that drive and determination are the other essential tools that have brought him this far.

I found out for myself that Casey Mathews delivers on the promise displayed on his company’s site. He first dazzled me with his quick tour of Twitter but that was followed with a range of random issues that came up in my three months of subscribing to Web Friendly Help, including the following:

  • I somehow inadvertently created a new database for my password protection program, which seems to have obliterated the first. Is it gone? Taking all my passwords with it?
  • How do I extract all the email addresses from a forwarded message to send my own invitation to the same group?
  • How do I log in to a tele-rehab appointment when the site keeps asking me the same questions?
  • How do I find the entryway into a blog page that was mine years ago but that now says I do not have permission?
  • My Windows Desktop has disappeared. How do I get it back?
  • Where do I find my IP address when someone has asked for it?

Casey solved every one of these problems along with some other inquiries, with his characteristic calm and a little dry humor. He typically restored my troubled technology in just a few minutes. Sometimes, he connected remotely to my computer, had a look around, and, seemingly magically, detected and resolved the problem.

I’ve talked to a few other customers and the responses are consistent. “He’s brilliant,” is a comment I’ve heard more than once, and yet, his is the calm confidence of a professional who actually enjoys taking the time to explain the magic.

Some customers just want him to make things work and they don’t want to know why, and others want a step-by-step explanation. Some want a weekly lesson and some just want to know how to navigate YouTube. If you need help learning a new platform for distance learning or attending virtual meetings, Casey is happy to explore it with you. Web Friendly Help invites you to customize your own support. As Casey says on the Web Friendly Help site: “I can help you become friends with your technology, or boost productivity for you by tweaking the software on your computer or iPhone.”

Another way of putting it might be that for less than a dollar a day, you can have access to your own computer whisperer!

For more information, to become a member, or subscribe to Casey’s blog for tips on taming your technology, visit Web Friendly Help, email him, or call 567-234-0078.

This article is made possible in part by generous funding from the James H. and Alice Teubert Charitable Trust, Huntington, West Virginia.

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August Table of Contents

Sign Here: Tips and Tools for Filling out Business Forms

J.J. Meddaugh

There are literally hundreds of moving pieces that go into starting a business. From doing market research about your potential competition to formulating a strategy for growth and success, dealing with logistics and paperwork may not be the first or even the 10th thing on your mind. That being said, business forms are a necessary evil that must be satisfied in order to transform your potential company from an idea to reality.

It's important to note that many of the forms that we will be discussing are completed on either a state or local level, and your mileage may vary depending on the types and formats of forms used in your area. The Small Business Administration provides a good overview of some of the things you'll want to consider when registering your business and other important information.

Getting an EIN

While a sole proprietorship allows for the use of a Social Security number for business activities, most business owners will want to obtain an Employer Identification Number, commonly known as an EIN. This is a 9-digit number assigned by the Internal Revenue Service for taxes and other purposes. You can quickly obtain an EIN number for free using an online form. According to the page, you must fill out the entire form in one sitting within 15 minutes, so it's a good idea to have all of your information gathered and ready to go before you start. Though it can be very tempting when filling out some of these more complex forms to try to just wing it by filling in an answer to a question even if you don't entirely understand it, I urge you to take the time needed to research proper answers to the questions on these forms. Many of these answers will determine how your business operates in the future and will be more difficult to change later on.

Getting a Business License

Typically, the first step of officially establishing your business is to obtain a business license. Where you do this depends on the type of business you wish to register. For a sole proprietorship, registration is typically performed at the county or local level. County governments are smaller than state-level agencies, so the availability of online forms to register your business may be more limited. For LLCs and corporations among others, registration typically happens at the state level, often at the Secretary of State office or a dedicated business agency. You could search your state's website or Google "register a business Michigan," for example, to find forms for your state. No matter your type of business, if you are fortunate, you will find a website or system that you can use to get the ball rolling. Registering a business will likely provide you with additional information, such as account numbers, usernames, and passwords. For keeping track of sensitive information, consider a password manager such as 1Password, which will save this information in an encrypted format and also help you to login automatically to most websites. 1Password has put considerable effort into making their apps very accessible and plans for individuals and businesses start at just a few dollars per month—a sound investment in security.

The Good and Bad of PDF Forms

If there is no website form to fill out, the next best option may be a fillable PDF. This gives us a moment to talk about accessible and inaccessible PDF forms, something that you will encounter often in your business journey.

The usefulness and accessibility of a PDF form can range from rather amazing to downright unusable. Your best-case scenario would be to use a PDF that includes fillable form fields. These forms will let you fill in information just as you would on a website. You will want to download Adobe Acrobat Reader DC for Windows or Mac. When you encounter a PDF on a webpage, open it directly in Adobe instead of displaying it in your web browser. You can usually do this by right-clicking on the name of the file and selecting "Save As." Some forms may be viewable within your web browser, but generally speaking you won't be able to fill out forms that are displayed this way.

Often, it will be necessary to sign your PDF before you submit it. Depending on the agency, this may need to be done in a couple of different ways. Some electronic forms include a Fill and Sign option, which allows you to provide an electronic signature using either an image or initials. To access this option, press F6 from the Adobe Acrobat window and Tab until you locate the "Fill and Sign" option. Press Enter, and then select Sign to provide your initials or a signature graphic. I found this process a bit cumbersome at first, but it's achievable with some practice.

Other forms will require you to print and sign the hardcopy of the form before submitting. It's useful to have access to a printer for situations like this. I use the context of the form to get an idea of where the signature line would be, and then, once I've printed out the completed form, I'll call up a virtual assistant service like AIRA to ensure I'm signing at the correct spot. Once the form is signed, you can scan it or take a picture to create an electronic copy that can be submitted. I vastly prefer a flatbed scanner for situations like these since they will give a consistent document quality without the added requirement to line up the page to take a picture.

The other types of PDFs fall into the more cumbersome category. If you load a PDF into Adobe and do not find any form fields, then the PDF has likely not been created as fillable. There is software that can be used to fill out these forms electronically such as Foxit, used by many AIRA agents, but this can't be done using a screen reader or accessibility tools. Still other PDF forms may be fillable, but have not been properly tagged with accessibility features. For these forms, you will find unlabeled checkboxes and edit boxes, and likely unsure about what goes where. I will also call AIRA for a situation like this, and use the free TeamViewer program to allow the agent to see what's on my screen. Using this strategy, I can be provided with additional visual descriptions but still fill out the form myself.

The worst-case scenario would be a PDF that does not even speak its data to a screen reader. This is likely a file that has simply been scanned, with no additional treatment or remediation provided. In a perfect world, all business forms would be accessible, and Federal law generally dictates that they need to be. This type of situation brings to light a quandary that is unfortunately faced sometimes by business owners: finding the balance between advocating for accessible design or just getting things done and moving on. Generally, if I have a moment, and it's obvious that a government agency is either unaware or not taking seriously their obligation for accessible documents, then I may try to talk to someone or push the issue. But sometimes, a form is the only thing standing between your business and a large opportunity, and time is of the essence.

It's also worth noting that currently PDF forms are only fillable using a screen reader on Windows and Mac computers. While VoiceOver for iOS and TalkBack for Android can be used to view PDF files, the features allowing for fillable forms do not appear to work with screen readers on mobile devices.

Other Forms for Getting Started

Depending on the type of business you are starting, there are likely other forms you will need to fill out, again mostly at the state level. Some states will provide an online portal for filling out these forms, and thankfully more and more services are moving online. Some of the types of forms you may need to consider are outlined below.

If you plan on hiring employees, you will probably need to fill out forms to submit payroll taxes as well as deal with Workers Compensation and Unemployment Insurance. If you hire a payroll provider, they will often guide you through this process. Generally, you will need to do this for each state where you plan on hiring. This applies to employees, but not contractors.

If you will be selling merchandise or other taxable goods, you will need to register to submit sales tax if it's charged in your state. You will collect the taxes from your customers and then pay them to the state on a regular schedule, depending on the size of your business. It's often possible to make these payments online or use a bank account or another means.

For some types of businesses, you will need to file annual reports or other documents on a regular basis. You will also need to file forms if you change the structure of your business, relocate to a new address, or perform other administrative tasks.

One wrinkle that often happens during this process is when a state insists on sending information through the mail. This is often done for new businesses to distribute account numbers or login credentials. You will need to use an OCR program such as Voice Dream Scanner for iOS or Android to read and process this printed mail. Once you have logged in, many states offer the option of electronic or paperless delivery of documents, which should provide a more accessible experience.

Dealing with the IRS

Congratulations, you've made it through your first year, but now it's time to pay the government. The Internal Revenue Service has created one of the most complete resources for accessible forms on the Internet. They provide tax forms in a variety of formats including fillable PDF, braille-ready files, and large print. Braille or large print tax forms and publications can also be ordered by calling 800-829-3676, though these would primarily serve as a reference, and not be fillable.

Conclusion

Forms are a rarely exciting but certainly inevitable part of the operation of your business. With the move to more online systems, they are becoming more usable without assistance, and are often less painless to fill out than in the past. Using some of the above tips will hopefully help you sign the dotted line as you prepare to open or expand your business empire.

This article is made possible in part by generous funding from the James H. and Alice Teubert Charitable Trust, Huntington, West Virginia.

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August Table of Contents

The National Federation of the Blind and the American Council of the Blind 2020 Conferences: Two Excellent Virtual Conferences in a Time of Uncertainty

Deborah Kendrick

2020, the year synonymous with perfect vision, has brought changes to the world that none of us could have imagined. Events that seemed as certain as, say, the sun rising in the morning, were suddenly canceled. Weddings, graduations, even funerals. On the public front, we witnessed the cancelation of concerts, movies, plays, and Renaissance festivals. Then, the National Federation of the Blind (NFB) and the American Council of the Blind (ACB) both announced that their conventions in Chicago and Houston, respectively, would not be happening.

The decisions were, of course, inevitable. With the horrors of COVID-19 leading headlines day after day, a gathering of hundreds or thousands of people was clearly not safe. Given the nature of the adaptive techniques used by blind people— seeing objects and environments with our hands, maintaining contact or proximity to other people for information and direction—any such gathering might be even more dangerous than for a fully sighted crowd.

Just a few short months, then, before these enormous physical gatherings were scheduled to occur, the leadership of each announced that they would be going virtual.

By April, most of us were familiar with virtual gatherings—meetings with our colleagues, clients, family members, and friends. Many in-person meetings turned into webinars and new sorts of gatherings spawned.

But the national blindness conventions are enormous! Both organizations offer general or plenary sessions for a series of days. Both have a multitude of workshops and meetings, frequently many of them held simultaneously, and both draw a crowd with their packed exhibit halls—enormous venues showcasing the products, programs, publications, and services of companies large and small that are of interest to blind consumers. Certainly, virtual conventions would mean adjusting to scaled-down versions of the real thing.

That’s what many of us around the country and beyond believed—but we were wholly and deliciously mistaken!

What, When, Where?

For fifteen days, ACB (July 3-10) and NFB (July 14-18), conducted convention business almost the same as usual. Thousands of people from throughout the US and some from other countries gathered via technology. There were hundreds of hours of meetings, presentations, and performances.

While a relative few gathered in person, with masks and social distancing, in organizational headquarters or other related facilities, the majority of attendees joined from the relative comfort of their living rooms and kitchens, bedrooms and home offices. With a spouse or small family or entirely alone, members and interested observers attended a multitude of meetings. The customary crowd size doubled for both organizations so that, in all, some ten thousand people were learning and celebrating together. Many seasoned convention goers said they experienced a similar energy, elation, and exhaustion as they had in years past during the face-to-face format.

Although each organization had its own unique approach to getting the job done, both managed to include all of the usual convention elements: general sessions, breakout workshops, social gatherings, and exhibits.

Both the NFB and ACB attempted to provide captioning to those who are deaf or hard of hearing. The NFB utilized the live captioning feature on the Zoom platform. This form of captioning was not accessible to all braille readers, though, as the captions were very fast. Sometimes, captions were promised and not delivered, including during the meetings of NAGDU, LGBTQ, and others.

For its part, ACB provided accommodations for hard-of-hearing and deaf participants, which were much more universally accessible. ACB's captions were delivered through a platform called CART (Communication Access Real-Time Translation). The advantage to this method is that slower braille readers can read at their own pace, which is also more comfortable for even the fastest braille reader. CART was available at all sessions where it was requested.

Each organization used tools already available to them and plenty of resourcefulness to incorporate new ones. Results were nothing short of dazzling.

American Council of the Blind 2020 Conference

Online registration was opened weeks before the 59th annual ACB Conference and Convention began. Cost was $25. You were asked to indicate every session you planned to attend and request the agenda in the format of your choice: beautiful hardcopy braille (two volumes), large print, or online. You could also pay $10 extra to receive an email edition of the convention’s daily newspaper.

When the convention began, you received an email each night containing Zoom links for the sessions you had selected. You also received the daily newspaper, a mix of session announcements and ads placed by companies and individuals for products and services.

Most meetings were conducted as Zoom webinars and some as Zoom meetings. If Zoom meetings and webinars are new to you, see this article in the December 2019 issue of AccessWorld.

Even if you hadn't registered for the conference, there were several ways to listen in and participate.

Turn Your Radio On

ACB Radio, launched over 20 years ago, is a system of seven Internet broadcast streams (channels) and the organization took full advantage of this platform during the convention.

At any given time, you might tune in to ACB Mainstream to hear a general session or workshop featuring one of the organization’s special interest affiliates (artists, teachers, lawyers, entrepreneurs, etc.) Alternatively, you could tune in to ACB Radio Special for various special sessions.

Mixing vacation with education, ACB conventions typically include a variety of site-seeing and informative tours. The virtual convention did not neglect this component. Virtual tours included an audio-described tour of the Houston Holocaust Museum, Mount Rushmore, the White House, a gallery of presidential portraits, a bell museum, and more. All tours, broadcast on the ACB Community stream, were audio described and professionally produced. I attended the two-hour Houston Holocaust Museum tour and found it to be every bit as riveting and memorable as attending in person might be.

If you didn’t want to hear speeches or go on a tour, you could visit the exhibit hall. The ACB exhibit hall, in pre-pandemic years, is a gigantic space with rows and rows of tables representing a variety of companies. All of the leading technology companies are there as well as those providing products and services of interest to consumers with visual impairments. ACB sold blocks of time. Exhibitors submitted recordings that were aired on a schedule on the ACB Community channel. How this time was used was entirely at the discretion of the exhibitor.

Companies like Vispero, HumanWare, HIMS Inc., American Printing House for the Blind and others were all there, sometimes demonstrating products, sometimes talking about features and price specials connected with the convention. National Braille Press conducted interviews with some of its authors and provided those recordings. The National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled might be followed by Google or Microsoft or Amazon. Some exhibit hall recordings included the voice of a single individual explaining a product and extolling its virtues, while another might be interactive, featuring a conversational or interview approach.

You could tune into the general session on the ACB Radio Mainstream channel and hear speakers like AFB President Kirk Adams and then go over to the ACB Community stream to hear some of the exhibitors. You might attend a breakout session aired on ACB Radio Special or go on a tour. There were four or five streams being broadcast at any time, providing plenty of choices, but the ways in which you could listen to these streams was impressive.

So Many Ways to Listen

The ACB Radio channels had several access points. You could go to ACBRadio.org and choose the stream of choice on your computer. You could dial a number on your telephone. You could tell your Amazon Echo, “Alexa, play ACB Radio Mainstream” (or ACB Radio Treasure Trove or ACB Radio Community), or you could use the ACBLink app, which allowed you to participate in the entire ACB convention using just an iPhone. The ACBLink app offers complete comprehensive access to all things ACB Radio. When you first launch the app, the choices include Podcasts and Radio. Selecting Radio allows you to choose from all of the various ACB Radio streams mentioned above. During the conference, you could then move around from a Mainstream live session, to a tour on Treasure Trove, to exhibits on Community, to another special presentation on ACB Special, and back to Mainstream again, all by flicking through options and double-tapping your chosen stream.

Most of the hundreds of hours of content broadcast on the ACB Radio channels during the convention were then released as podcasts, which can be found under the Podcasts tab in the ACBLink app. (They can also be found by subscribing to the ACB Conference and Convention podcast in the podcast app of your choice, through your Amazon Echo, or your Victor Stream.) 

If you missed the convention and would like to experience a sampling of presentations, here are a few that captured my attention:

-Friends in Art Showcase: a two-hour performance featuring musicians, poets, and comedians, replete with host banter and inserted applause. -An introduction to the Helen Keller collection, relocated from the American Foundation for the Blind to the American Printing House for the Blind, and presented by APH Museum director Mike Hudson. -Legos for the Blind, presented by ACB Families, introduced braille and audio instructions for building Lego structures inspired by a blind Lego enthusiast. -A discussion of the 1Touch Project, a self-defense program completely usable and accessible by blind people. -Wine Wise, Blind Pride International’s annual wine-tasting events have been wildly popular the last few years, and while the only wine sampled was the one you had in your own refrigerator or wine rack, the camaraderie and knowledge shared was a delightful alternative. -Banquet address by Roy Samuelson, audio describer of over 500 film and TV productions.

In just about 12 weeks, a convention that was intended to occur in a large hotel with multiple meeting spaces was transformed into an event with so many ways to join that anyone with a telephone could participate. Sometimes hosts floundered. Sometimes technology spluttered. All the work of planning and hosting and streaming and podcasting was done by volunteers, most of them blind. Many who have never been able to pay for an airline ticket and a hotel room to join a live convention were tuned to their radios, Alexas, and phones—and the overall effect was a virtual success!

(To find information and podcasts, download the ACBLink app from the iTunes app store, visit ACBRadio.org, or search for the ACB Conference and Convention podcast in your podcasting client of choice.)

National Federation of the Blind 2020 Conference

Just when it seems technology can’t dazzle us any further, it does. With hope, determination, and a gigantic scoop of intellect and tech savvy NFB succeeded in harnessing technology in ways that rendered attendance at the first ever NFB virtual convention a delight for the geekier among us and easy no matter what your level of technical expertise. Registration for the convention this year was free. The agenda was made available on the NFB website in various formats, and a “Rookie Roundup” event was held the week beforehand to familiarize attendees with the various components of the virtual convention.

The 80th annual NFB convention was supposed to be held in Houston, Texas, so the Texas affiliate maintained its status as hosting affiliate through the virtual event. As would be the case with an in-person convention, the hosting affiliate was periodically invited to introduce segments, bring some Texas news and banter and, well, be a host!

Registration was easy and free, and what a bonus it turned out to be! A day or two prior to the convention beginning, an email went out inviting registrants to download an iOS app called Crowd Compass Attendee Hub. Once installed, as is so often the case with iPhone apps, it showed up as simply Attendee Hub. Although it has a few accessibility glitches that need addressing, the experience of navigating a convention with this app was so excellent that I would be delighted to see it incorporated into every conference I attend in future.

The clumsiest piece of interacting with Attendee Hub was probably Getting Started. I logged in to my particular event with the password distributed to registrants by email: nfb2020. Next steps involved setting up a simple profile that was sufficiently aggravating in a few spots that my impatience almost persuaded me to forgo using it. Happily, I didn't yield to that impatience!

Once logged in, I could see all elements of the convention. The initial screen offered links to Agenda, Attendees, Speakers, Exhibits, and more. Double tapping Attendees pulled up a list, in alphabetical order, of every person who had registered and logged in with the app. From an attendee's entry, I could send them a message or request their contact information. (For privacy, complete contact information was not displayed until and the request was accepted.) Again, there were some accessibility issues; I personally only saw this feature working partially. That said, seeing the entire list of attendees even without the facility to connect instantly was more than most of us are accustomed to accessing at the outset of a conference.

Similarly, the app made it easy to pull up a complete list of speakers as well as a complete list of exhibitors and their contact information.

The scheduling feature was brilliant. Clicking on Agenda, you could see each day's schedule. As you reviewed the schedule, you could tap on a button to add an item to your personal schedule. This aspect of the app was completely accessible and made for an incredibly efficient path to quick access. Using this tool at the start of the convention allowed me to generate my own quick list of interesting meetings. Opening the schedule later included not only each convention day, but my personal schedule as well. Each Agenda item included an Open Zoom button that would take me directly to that particular meeting.

The components of the schedule held familiarity for those who had attended past NFB conventions. In other words, there were often multiple choices of where one could spend time. There might be a workshop for teachers at the same time as a presentation on technology and yet another on law. Following the Zoom links from within a personalized schedule in Attendee Hub, it was possible to sample simultaneous sessions with relative ease, dropping in for a portion of one workshop, then another, and then possibly visiting a few exhibits. The experience was astonishingly similar to the in-person conference. It lacked the warmth of physical contact with others, but made it easier, on the other hand, to drop in on more than one speaker or casual gathering, as well as link to the Exhibit Hall. One traditional feature of NFB's conventions is the Presidential Suite. At in-person conventions, this is an actual hotel suite where attendees can gather to meet new and old friends, relax, enjoy a beverage and snack, and perhaps schedule an appointment with the NFB president. Open several hours each day, the Presidential Suite is hosted by volunteers from throughout the NFB leadership.

While there may not have been any cookies or coffee, the Presidential Suite in the virtual convention operated otherwise as it does in a physical venue. During its scheduled hours, volunteers were on hand to greet newcomers, answer questions, schedule requested appointments with the president, and pop participants into breakout rooms for some casual conversation. Speaking of breakout rooms, this was a Zoom feature used to tremendous advantage in a variety of convention sessions. For NFB NEWSLINE demonstrations, for example, a newcomer seeking information on registering for the service, hearing how it works with the iPhone app or Amazon Echo, was paired in a breakout room with a volunteer expert on that particular aspect of the service. At a technology session drawing 300 to 400 people, all participants were popped into breakout rooms, each holding 10-15 other participants. It provided an excellent opportunity to meet and mingle with other technology trainers sharing similar interests. 

Memorable Content

The array of topics and information presented in both general and breakout sessions in the five information-packed days was truly impressive. As always, the National Organization of Parents of Blind Children had its own entire track of workshops, activities, and gatherings for parents and children. Next, In addition to the business meetings and workshops hosted by such special interest groups as guide dog users, lawyers, educators, and technology trainers, there were sessions hosted by major technology companies inside and outside the assistive technology arena. In addition to presentations by HumanWare, Vispero, HIMS Inc., and the American Printing house for the Blind, news could also be gleaned from Google, Microsoft, and Facebook. For those more interested in social justice than computers there were some brilliant presentations on topics such as Black leaders within the NFB, and the sharing of experiences by those representing a variety of ethnicities and cultural backgrounds. The general sessions featured not only an update by the director of the National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled, but also one by the Librarian of Congress herself. Perhaps most memorable among presentations was a thrilling recall of the July 17 speech delivered by Congressman John Lewis to the NFB March for Independence in 2007. Later that same afternoon, the general session agenda included a prerecorded in-depth conversation between NFB President Mark Riccobono and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi.

Canvassing Exhibits

My favorite piece of this app was the opportunity it afforded for interacting with exhibitors. From within the Attendee Hub link, if you chose the Exhibit Hall, the list of all vendors was there, each followed by a Zoom link. During exhibit hours, you could visit various exhibitors in this way, enjoying a one-on-one or small group discussion with the vendor. This is a feature that could probably be embraced as a component for any convention or conference in the future. 

As is so often the case with face-to-face exhibits, there is simply not enough time to see them all, but visiting them without the pressing crowd and roar of voices and devices in the live exhibit hall was actually rather appealing!

If You Missed It

It warrants pointing out that for those not proficient with iPhone apps, there were plenty of ways to listen to the NFB Conference. The general sessions and banquet were available on Amazon Echo devices. Much of the convention was also streamed on NFB NEWSLINE.

If you missed all or part of it and want to check it out, many of the presentations will be posted to the NFB website..

This article is made possible in part by generous funding from the James H. and Alice Teubert Charitable Trust, Huntington, West Virginia.

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August Table of Contents

A Review Of the Mantis Q 40 QWERTY Braille Display by APH and HumanWare

Scott Davert

In the current braille display market, most devices use a Perkins-style keyboard. This allows for more portability and the option of typing in contracted braille, which some people find preferable. One of the disadvantages of a braille display with the Perkins-style keyboard is that the individual has to learn a series of specific commands for controlling either the display itself, or its driving screen reader.

A device has come along to address the challenge of learning new commands for each operating system. That device, on which I am currently composing this article, is the Mantis Q 40. Unlike many of its counterparts, this device comes equipped with a standard QWERTY keyboard. It also has a set of internal applications for file management, composing and editing documents, reading books, and performing calculations. It also provides the option to download Bookshare and NFB Newsline content directly to the device. Finally, it has the capability to connect up to five Bluetooth devices simultaneously, along with one USB connection.

What's In The Box?

Inside the box is the Mantis Q, a USB power adapter, an A to USB C cable for charging and connecting to external devices, and a braille and print Getting Started guide. The units shipping now also come with a protective (TPU) case. One was not included with mine, since there were delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic. I asked Greg Stilson, APH Head Of Global Innovation, to describe the case, and this was his response:

This is basically a green case that the Mantis sits in, when being used. It covers the bottom and all edges for protection. It does not however have a closing flap. APH does sell an optional Executive Products case made of high quality leather for those professionals who will be on the move a lot... TPU stands for Thermoplastic Polyurethane. It is made up of plastic, elastic and rubber and is extremely common in the smartphone case industry.

Orientation

Placing the Mantis on a flat surface with the braille display nearest you, it is laid out as follows. On the front of the device, there are a series of five buttons or “thumb keys.” From left to right, they are: Previous, Pan Left, Home, Pan Right, and Next. The Previous thumb key will take you to the previous item, the Pan Left button pans the braille to the left, the Home button (which can also serve as an Escape key) will take you Home, the Pan Right key will pan the braille to the right, and the Next key will take you to the next item.

Along the left side of the device, the closest thing to you is a Type A USB port, behind that is a small round Power button, and furthest from you is the USB C port. The USB A female port is used to plug in a flash drive to manage data. To start the device, press and hold the Power button for about two seconds. The device takes about fifteen seconds to start up. The Mantis will indicate “starting” on the braille display. A progress spinner will indicate that the device is booting until it is ready. A brief press of the Power button while on puts it to sleep. Another brief press of the Power button wakes the device. The USB C port is used to both charge the Mantis and also to connect with external devices through USB. Along the back edge, you will find a slot for SD cards. The Mantis accepts SD cards up to 64 GB.

The closest thing to you on the surface is the 40-cell display. To me, the braille feels a lot like the BrailleNote Touch and has a slight spongy feel to it. Behind each cell is a cursor routing button. Behind the cursor routing buttons you will find the QWERTY keyboard. It has a very similar layout to a laptop keyboard without the number pad. The bottom row of keys, from left to right, are as follows: Control, FN (function), Windows, Left Alt, Space Bar, Right Alt, Right Control, Left Arrow, Down Arrow, and Right Arrow. Slightly above the Down Arrow is the Up Arrow key. On a Mac or iOS device, the functions of the bottom row are slightly different than on Windows and the internal programs. To the left of the Spacebar, starting at the left edge are the Control key, FN, Option, and Command keys. To the right of the Spacebar are the Option and Right Control key.

The remaining five rows of keys reflect what is typically your QWERTY keyboard layout on a laptop without a number pad. For more details, you can consult the User Guide, which explains the rest of the layout in detail.

A Familiar Interface

When you start the Mantis, you will be at the Main Menu. Just like with Windows, you can navigate among your choices by pressing the Up or Down Arrow keys. If you are in an application, you can press the Windows or Home key to return to the main menu. Pressing Escape will close the application or menu as well. Also similar to Windows, you can use first-letter navigation to jump to menu items. For example, pressing the letter T will jump you to the Terminal option. Pressing Enter or a routing button activates the selected item.

One difference between the Windows keyboard command set and the Mantis, is that pressing the Alt key while using an internal application does not activate the application's menu. You will instead need to press Control + M. Shift + F10, which launches context menus within Windows, also doesn't work.

GetSet With Settings

When you turn the Mantis on for the first time, it will likely be set to uncontracted braille. If so, and if you wish to use contracted braille, press Alt + Control + G. If you prefer, you can change any kind of braille settings by creating a profile. Profiles allow you to quickly change any braille settings, but also allow the user to quickly switch among other supported languages. To do this, choose Settings from the main menu. The second option is Braille Profile. Use your Down Arrow key to locate Add Profile. Press Enter and, once the settings are to your liking, press Enter to proceed. Once you have configured the new profile, select a name when prompted, then press Enter. After you have saved the Profile, you can use the Previous or Next thumb keys, the Arrow keys, or the first letter of the name of the profile. It should load within a couple of seconds. The profile in use will be indicated by dots seven and eight in the first cell.

Continuing to explore the Settings menu, the top-most item is User Settings. Select this item to set system-level options. Items are toggled on and off by pressing enter.

Separate items for managing Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connections are also accessed from the Settings menu.

File Management

The Mantis comes equipped with 16 GB of internal storage. It also supports flash drives and SD cards. The file manager application allows you to browse, open any supported file type, delete, copy, cut, paste, and even search for a file within multiple connected drives. I found that, even when a drive has hundreds of files, searching only takes a few seconds. You can only search for a file name, not its contents.

The supported file types by the Mantis include .brf, .txt, .docx, and .zip files that contain .txt or .brf from Bookshare. Text-based files such as .txt and .docx will open nearly instantaneously. .brf and specialized braille files will take a little more time, since they are translated into text format. A 450 KB .brf file from Bookshare took approximately ten seconds to load. The same book downloaded in Daisy format took about three seconds to load.

The Editor

The editor application allows you to open, create, and save files in plain text format. Though you can open files in .brf, .brl, .txt, .doc, and .docx formats, any editing or creation of a file will be saved in .txt format. You can edit, copy, cut, paste, find, find and replace, select, select blocks of text, auto scroll, and use a read-only mode in case you don't want to modify the open file. The menu structure closely follows that of a typical Windows word processing program, as does the keyboard command structure. When creating or opening a file, you will find that there are brackets that show the cursor’s location. These follow you as you type.

There is an option to type in braille within the editor. Pressing the F12 key will toggle between QWERTY and braille modes. When in braille mode, the home row of the QWERTY keyboard is used to enter braille dots. The type of input, contracted or uncontracted, depends on the braille profile in use. Rapid typing with this input method is reliable, and the translation into text format is instantaneous.

Typing on the Mantis’ keyboard seems to be about as quiet as a conventional laptop. Tapping the power button will put the Mantis into a standby mode that retains any changes in your current file. When you wake the Mantis back up, that current file will instantly appear and you can continue editing. The drawback to this method is that if the system crashes for some reason, your work will not be saved. I’ve been using the Mantis for three weeks in my daily workflow and have only had the Mantis crash on me once prior to the release of the 1.01 firmware. I have not encountered this since the upgrade, which happened about a week before writing this article.

Notably absent from the editor is any sort of spell checking function. I hope that one can be included with a future firmware update, though I understand that this may not be a desired feature in the education environment. I found using the editor to be intuitive and enjoy the fact that I can save the file directly as a plain text document. Multiple storage and connectivity options allow for seamless sharing of files between devices and people.

The Calculator

The calculator application is very straightforward and appears to work as advertised. If you have used a calculator within Windows, you will already be familiar with the keyboard shortcuts to carry out most of the functions.

Online Services

The Mantis can download content from Bookshare and NFB Newsline, if you have an account with either of these services. Within the Bookshare application, you will find the option to configure your account and also to choose your preferred format. I first chose .brf, but later chose DAISY for the increased navigability.

Bookshare

After logging in to Bookshare, you have options to search by title, author, or keyword, or to perform a full text search. There are also options to browse by most popular, recently added, and category. Once you perform a search or browse by one of the options listed, you will be presented with a list of titles that match. To get more information, select the title to be presented with options to download, learn the author, or read the synopsis. I find it convenient to search and download content internally. It would be even better if the author were added to each result so you could see who wrote the title without having to select it.

NFB Newsline

Like the Bookshare application, NFB Newsline requires the user to have a valid user name and password in order to access materials. The first option in this application is “configure account,” which not only allows you to log in, but gives you the option to set how often you would like your list of publications to be updated and if old issues of these publications should be kept or automatically deleted once new issues arrive.

If you already have a list of subscriptions, they will automatically be added to the list of content you will download. My favorites and subscriptions are the same, so it's possible this list is generated from my favorites. You can add other publications by selecting "manage publications" from the applications menu and then selecting the periodical to which you want to subscribe. Press escape when done. Subscription is indicated by dots seven and eight underneath the title. To unsubscribe, select the publication again.

The Library

The Library application is where you can go to find and read your downloaded content. Alternatively, you can open the content in the file manager application, though you won't have as much navigation capability with this method. The Library allows you to sort by the most recent downloads, to pull up an alphabetized list of downloaded content, and to search for a specific file name.

The load times for files are the same as when you're in the file manager. You have access to all of the same Editor capabilities, and there is support for robust navigation when reading formats such as DAISY. This means, for example, if you have a DAISY book downloaded from Bookshare, you can quickly jump from chapter to chapter. You can also jump quickly between sections and articles when viewing content downloaded from NFB Newsline. Sections are typically at level two, while individual articles are typically at heading level three. When you have set the navigation to what you prefer using Control + T while in a book, you can then press the Previous and Next keys to jump by the element you have the Mantis set to. Only those navigation options available for the currently open book will be shown. These include sentence, paragraph, level, percentage, and bookmark.

There is also the option to activate auto scroll when reading. This is also present within the Editor and I found that the feature was reliable, even after thirty minutes of continuous use.

Another useful feature is the ability to set multiple bookmarks within a file. This is an option I wish I had while in college—it would have made jumping directly to content much more efficient.

Let's Get Connected!

Another feature of the Mantis is its ability to connect to external devices through Bluetooth or USB. At the time of writing, Android does not yet support the Mantis. I did not have a Mac to test, so this review is based on the screen reader options I had available. The Mantis supports up to five Bluetooth connections along with one USB connection. To switch between connected devices, you must press the Home key to back out of the connected device’s control and then choose another option from the list of connected devices. It's not possible to jump directly from one connected device to another with shortcut keys.

VoiceOver with iOS

I tested the Mantis with iOS 13.6 on my iPhone SE 2020. The first notable thing about the iOS connection process with the Mantis is that it's paired through Settings > Bluetooth, and not through VoiceOver. The User Guide explains how to do this from the Mantis side. It's compatible with iOS version 13.5.1 or later, though the typing experience on 13.6 certainly seems more stable than what I found under iOS 13.5.1. Prior to updating to 13.6 and updated the Mantis firmware to version 1.01, I found that the braille display portion of the Mantis would not always connect with iOS. The keyboard itself would stay reliably connected. With the updates, this problem rarely happened. Toggling on and off Bluetooth has reliably fixed the issue. You can do this on your iOS device, or use the "retry to connect" option on the Mantis. When using the Mantis, it’s possible for a deafblind person to reestablish the connection. This is because the Mantis itself tries to reestablish the connection automatically. It's important to have your device nearby and to wait a few minutes when attempting to reconnect.

When connected, the Mantis not only displays braille, but also serves as a Bluetooth keyboard. Although the Mantis was able to type when my output was set to contracted braille, when set to eight-dot braille it was not only more reliable, but faster. Almost all of the commands found on a Bluetooth keyboard are the same as what you have on the Mantis. There was one keyboard command not available, which was the option to see VoiceOver announcement history. Most displays have this as an option by pressing Spacebar + N, but since the Mantis does not use braille input, this is not an option. Pressing F12 to toggle between QWERTY input and braille input mode doesn't work when connected to an external device. When connected to iOS, I was unable to get the function keys to work as expected.

Knowing how to use QuickNav and the VoiceOver modifier keys are important if you are using a Bluetooth keyboard connected to iOS. Though not addressed in the User Guide, this guide discusses both. Though the guide is five years old, the information is still relevant. Another useful guide provides a list of common VoiceOver keyboard shortcuts you can use with a Bluetooth keyboard.

One of the nice things about using a Bluetooth keyboard with your iOS device is the ability to unlock the device without touching the screen. Pressing VO + H will prompt you to enter your passcode. As long as the iOS device is connected to the Mantis, this never seems to fail. It’s also important to note that updating the Mantis can result in having to repair any Bluetooth connections that were previously established.

NVDA

NVDA version 2020.1 was used for this evaluation on Windows 10 with the 2004 update. Connecting to NVDA was quite easy. Going into the NVDA menu when launched and then selecting the braille preferences and selecting the Mantis Q should automatically work if is the Mantis is connected to your PC via Bluetooth or USB.

Using the Mantis with NVDA is a pleasant experience. Infrequently, braille output would stop, though the PC continued to accept input from the keyboard. Restarting NVDA seemed to correct the issue. This seemed to occur more often over Bluetooth than USB.

JAWS For Windows Is Ready

The Mantis Q is compatible with JAWS 18 and later. JAWS versions older than the July 2020 update require the installation of the most current drivers, which can be found on the APH website. Once the installation file is downloaded, you can follow the prompts and then add the braille display using the same procedure that you would with any other display using JAWS.

I tested the Mantis with two different laptops, first on USB and then Bluetooth. One laptop did not allow for braille output until I plugged it in to a USB hub to give it enough power. This PC was older, I didn't have to do the same thing when I used a 2018 laptop. In the case of the older laptop, the keyboard functioned as it should, and once connected to a USB port that could supply enough power, the process of using the braille output was also effective. With both NVDA and JAWS, you will want to be sure to have the modifier key set to Caps Lock, as the Mantis doesn't have an Insert key. With JAWS, I found it most effective to use the laptop layout for my keyboard.

Conclusion

The Mantis Q is a braille display that will certainly appeal if you're in the market for a 40-cell option, particularly if you don't want to learn a new set of commands to operate a braille display connected to various devices. In terms of the education market, this device falls right in line with learning how to use a standard QWERTY keyboard. The ability to download Bookshare and NFBNewsline content adds yet another compelling reason to consider the Mantis Q 40.

Battery life ranged from 12 to 17 hours, depending on Bluetooth and Wi-Fi use. In its sleep or standby mode, I found that there was very little drain on the battery, maybe 1% for each hour. I also liked the ability to check the date and time on the fly, and also to learn the battery percentage with keyboard shortcuts. If you are someone who likes the option of downloading content to your device, who prefers a QWERTY keyboard interface, or who needs options for collaborating with colleagues without connecting to an external device, the Mantis Q 40 is worth your consideration.

Product Information

Product: Mantis Q 40

Price: $2,495

Available from: APH in the United States (Outside of the United States, please contact your local Humanware dealer for pricing and availability.)

This article is made possible in part by generous funding from the James H. and Alice Teubert Charitable Trust, Huntington, West Virginia.

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August Table of Contents

Learning to Code with Swift Playgrounds

Janet Ingber

If you are interested in learning how to write computer code, Swift Playgrounds is an excellent place to begin. It was designed originally to teach young children, but many adults have used it. According to Apple, “Swift Playgrounds is a revolutionary app for iPad and Mac that makes learning Swift interactive and fun. It requires no coding knowledge, so it is perfect for students just starting out. Solve puzzles to master the basics using Swift — a powerful programming language created by Apple and used by the pros to build today’s most popular apps. Then take on a series of challenges and step up to more advanced playgrounds designed by Apple and other leading developers.”

There are free iPad and Mac versions of Swift Playgrounds available from their respective app stores. The iPad version was released in 2016 and the Mac version was released in early 2020. For this article, I used Playgrounds 5.1 on both the iPad and the Mac. Even if you are not using an iPad, I recommend reading the next section, since it will introduce you to terms and concepts that are used on the Mac. If you have both an iPad and a Mac, you can switch back and forth between the two devices.

Swift Playgrounds on the iPad

Once the app is installed, try navigating in both landscape and portrait mode. Landscape worked better for me. If you get confused or something does not seem right, open the App Switcher and take Swift Playgrounds out. Then re-launch the app. I needed to do this several times.

The Main Screen

At the top left of the screen is a Locations button. Once you have saved Playgrounds, the list of saved playgrounds will be located by activating this button. As with the Files app, there are two viewing options, Recent and Browse. The next control is a New Playground button.

Next is labeled My Playgrounds heading. Flicking right again will bring you to a Help button. The next control is a Select button. When the new screen loads, flick left to find options including Share and Reset. Flicking to the right brings you to a search box and options to sort your playgrounds by date or name. Flicking right again will land you on the first Playground. Next are options to get more playgrounds. At the bottom of the screen is a list of Playgrounds to start with including “Learn to Code 1,” the first one to try. Select it with a one-finger double tap.

The First Puzzle

This Playground has a character named Byte. Byte has to collect a gem. On the main screen is an Introduction button with Previous Page and Next Page buttons on either side. The introduction section is very short. At the end of the introduction is a Start Coding button.

Once this button is activated, a new screen will load. The screen is divided into two sections. On the left are instructions and on the right is the Playground puzzle. You can flick around the screen to get oriented.

You may start hearing background music and sound effects. If you want to turn either of them off, select the Sound button in the upper right corner. Options for turning these features off will appear. Your sound settings will carry over to all puzzles until you decide to change them.

The first control on the screen is a Previous Page button. Next is an Issuing Commands button. VoiceOver will also say “Table of Contents.” To the right of this control is a Next Page button. The table of contents has a great deal of information but do not let it overwhelm you. As you progress with Swift Playgrounds, you will learn about topics covered in the Table of Contents.

The next control is an Add from Library button. Activating it will bring up options that you can use in your coding. Next is a More button that has options including Help, Share, and Glossary. Next are instructions for having Byte collect gems. Keep flicking right to the Hints button. Selecting this button gives extra information. Next is a Goal Count where the number of gems collected is spoken. The final button is Sound.

Navigating the Puzzle Grid

On the right side of the screen is the puzzle grid. If you right flick past the Sound button, you will hear a brief description of the puzzle. Flick again and you will land on the puzzle grid and VoiceOver will speak your location within the grid. For this puzzle, the grid consists of five rows and five columns.

There are custom actions available and VoiceOver will say, “Swipe up or down to select a custom action.” Swipe up or down to find information about character locations, goal locations, character description, and Activate. When I selected character description, VoiceOver described what Byte looked like. The Activate option will describe the puzzle. You can tap anywhere on the puzzle grid to hear your location.

Swift Playgrounds uses map directions to navigate. Therefore, the top of the screen is north and the bottom is south. East is the right side of the iPad and west is the left. The puzzle area also has heights. Heights are essentially steps or levels. The puzzle has blocks for locations and VoiceOver will say which block you have located.

Moving through the grid is counterintuitive. When you flick right, you would expect to move by row, but you are actually moving up the column. Flicking left will move you down the column. Once you get to row 4 in a column, flicking right again will bring you to the next column and you will be on row 0. In other words, if you start on column 0, row 0 and flick right five times you will end up on column 1, row 0. Go in reverse by flicking left.

Make Byte Move

Codes are written in a specific format. For example, if I want Byte to move forward, my command would say: moveForward(). The word move is not capitalized, but the word Forward is. At the end of each command line are the symbols for left and right parentheses ().

The correct code needs to be entered for Byte to go to column 2, row 1, height 1, in order to collect a gem. Byte’s starting point is height 0, column 2, row 1. Byte is facing north. VoiceOver will speak Byte’s location as you move on the puzzle grid. In this puzzle, VoiceOver announces when you are on the gem.

On the left side of the screen, check out the instructions. First, locate the coordinates for the gem. You will need this to tell Byte where to go. You will be instructed to enter two different commands, moveForward() and collectGem(). Double tap on the Tap to Enter Code box.

Once the edit box is activated, below it will be options including Redo and Delete. There will also be the commands moveForward() and collectGem(). Select the moveForward() command three times to bring Byte to the gem. Then select collectGem() for Byte to get the gem. I found it better to flick to the commands rather than sliding my finger. When sliding, sometimes the wrong command was entered.

Next, select Run My Code. VoiceOver will read your code as it is being run. There is a Show Keyboard button should it be necessary to type code.

If the code was entered correctly, you will get a congratulations message. I accidentally had Byte move forward four times instead of three times. When VoiceOver read back my code, I was told that Byte almost fell off the grid but was able to collect the gem. Glad to hear Playgrounds has a sense of humor.

This puzzle needed only two commands and required four movements. As puzzles require more commands, you can use Run My Code anytime to check that your code is correct so far. If only some of the commands are entered, Playgrounds will inform you that the level is incomplete and Byte looks sad.

Adding a New Command

On the bottom of the screen is a link to go to the next page. Activating it brings you to the next puzzle. This puzzle is similar, but this time Byte also has to turn left. The Hint button tells you how many times Byte has to move forward and turn left. When you hear “actions available,” flick up and down until you find the information you want. You can also touch the puzzle grid or use the rotor to tell you where Byte and the gem are located.

For this puzzle, Byte is at column 4, row 0. The gem is at height 1, column 2, row 2. Byte needs to move forward two times, turn left, move forward two more times, and collect the gem.

Another Adventure using Four Commands

The next puzzle adds toggling a switch. Byte needs to collect a gem, then go to another location and toggle a switch. Now you will have four commands: moveForward(), turnLeft() collectGem(), and toggleSwitch(). You first must get to the gem and collect it. Then move from the gem to the switch. Here is a hint: Byte will need to make more than one left turn to solve the puzzle. Try this one on your own.

Swift Playgrounds on the Mac

When I opened Swift Playgrounds on the Mac, I landed on a toolbar with toolbars Close, Minimize, and Full Screen. Next was a heading called Playgrounds, followed by another toolbar with one item, Filter, with a search field. Moving right with VO + Right Arrow, there was an item labeled “New Learn to Code 1 Swift 5.1.” VoiceOver eventually said this was a button for opening the playground.

Further to the right of this puzzle were other playgrounds. The menu categories were File, Edit, Run, View, Window, and Help. The Run menu has commands related to the code you have written such as Run My Code and Stop. Many of the menu items have keyboard commands. If you have a Mac with a Touch Bar, there are several commands on it. The Help menu has options including Search, Playgrounds Help, and Show Glossary. The Playgrounds Help item did not work well at all. Most of the time, it would not open. Other times, although I tried to get back to the list of help topics by selecting a link, nothing happened. I tried this on two different Macs. With sighted assistance, I learned that the Help information was on the screen, but VoiceOver did not read it.

The First Puzzle

As with the iPad version, selecting “Learn to Code 1” opens a screen with the introduction and Previous and Next buttons. The introduction is very short. At the end of the introduction is a Start Coding button.

Turning Sounds Off

Once the Start Coding button is activated, a new screen will load, and you will hear sound effects and music. If you want to turn either of these off, use VO + Right Arrow until you land on a Sound button labeled. Just selecting the button will not do anything. VO + Right Arrow once more and you will hear VoiceOver say, “The World.” Interact with the group and go down until you encounter options to toggle either or both options off. Fortunately, once you make a decision, Playgrounds will remember your sounds settings.

Exploring the Screen

The easiest way to navigate the screen is VO + Left Arrow and VO + Right Arrow. Depending on your rotor setting, you can also flick left and right.

VO + Left Arrow until you hear VoiceOver say that you are on the left toolbar. This toolbar has two items: an option to close the program and an option to show the sidebar. For now, leave the sidebar hidden. It contains lessons that go with Playgrounds. These lessons are very useful so once you are familiar with the screen and Playgrounds, check out the information provided. Next is a right tool bar with options to Add from Library and Share.

The next controls are Previous Page and Next Page, followed by Source Editor. This is where you will start writing code. Next are Run Options, followed by Run My Code, and Hint. The final items are Code Completions, Goal Count, and the Sound button. These are followed by The World group. VO + Right Arrow once more and you will land on a description of the puzzle and what tasks the character Byte has to perform.

As with the iPad puzzle, Byte has to collect a gem. Byte’s starting point is height 0, column 2, row 1. Byte is facing north. The gem is at height 1, column 2, row 4.

Navigating the Puzzle

Moving around the puzzle is more intuitive on the Mac. North is at the top of the keyboard and south is toward the Trackpad. East is toward the right side of the Mac, and west is toward the left. Use the Up Arrow to move up and the Down Arrow to move down. The Left Arrow will move you toward the left and the Right Arrow will move you to the right. VoiceOver will speak your location.

The Mac version of Playgrounds does not provide custom actions or the ability to find locations and character descriptions. A context menu is available for some puzzles when entering code.

Entering Code

In this puzzle, Byte needs to move up to height 1, column 2, row 4. This requires that Byte move forward three times. As Byte moves up, VoiceOver will speak Byte’s location. VoiceOver will announce when Byte is on the gem. Next, Byte has to collect the gem.

Move left until you locate the Source Editor. Interacting with it will give you lists of tasks to complete to run your code. Using VO + Spacebar will let you type code into it. Start typing the first few letters of the code. Playgrounds will fill in the complete name. Once you hear it, press the Return key twice. The first time enters the code and the second time brings you to the next line for the next instructions. If after typing the first few letters of a command, Playgrounds does not add the entire command, there is something wrong. VoiceOver may say “issue.” Check your commands and delete the letters that you last typed. I had to delete commands because I accidentally typed the wrong letter for a code or I deleted only part of my error.

Playgrounds will lose focus if it is in the Source Editor when you go to another app. When I entered code, went to another app, and then returned, focus was on the World, rather than the Source Editor’s last line of code.

Use the Hint button for help with commands. Enter moveForward() three times. Then enter collectGem() once. Finally, choose Run My Code or just type Command-R. If your code is correct, you will get a congratulations message, followed by a link to the next page. This puzzle only needed two commands and required four movements. As puzzles require more commands, you can use Run My Code anytime to check that your code is correct so far.

Adding another Command

The next puzzle has Byte do an additional command: turnLeft(). For this puzzle, Byte is at column 4, row 0. The gem is at height 1, column 2, row 2. Byte needs to move forward two times, turn left, move forward two more times, and collect the gem.

Another Byte Adventure with Four Commands

The third puzzle adds the additional command toggleSwitch(). This is the third puzzle that was also discussed in the iPad section. I gave one hint for the puzzle: Byte has to make more than one turn.

Here is the solution: Byte has to first use the command moveForward() twice. Then Byte needs to make a left turn with the command turnLeft(). Next Byte has to use moveForward() once more and then collect the gem using collectGem().

Next, Byte needs to get to the switch and toggle it. Here is the code to solve the rest of the puzzle:

moveForward()

turnLeft()

moveForward()

moveForward()

toggleSwitch()

Conclusion

Swift Playgrounds is accessible with some patience and practice on both the Mac and iPad. However, inaccessibility of the Help menu on the Mac is a problem, as is Playgrounds’ propensity to crash on the Mac.

There are some things I prefer on the iPad vs the Mac, such as entering code and ease of moving around the screen. Though on the Mac, it is easier to navigate the rows and columns of the puzzle grid. Personally, I would choose the iPad app over the version on the Mac.

This article is made possible in part by generous funding from the James H. and Alice Teubert Charitable Trust, Huntington, West Virginia.

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August Table of Contents

Book Review: <i>Capturing and Sharing the World: Taking Photos and Videos with an iPhone,</i> by Judy Dixon

Bill Holton

In 2013 Judy Dixon published Get the Picture: Viewing the World with the iPhone Camera. In her review of this book, AccessWorld author Deborah Kendrick said: "For Judy Dixon, what began as curiosity has clearly become a passion. She approached the picture-taking puzzle with both merriment and scientific accuracy, and then wanted to share what she had learned with the rest of us.”

Seven years down the road, iPhone cameras have transformed from useable substitutes for “real” high-resolution film-and-digital cameras to the multi-lens powerhouses that impress even the most persnickety photography gearheads. Apple’s early recognition that people with visual impairments want, even need, to use a camera prompted an equally early focus (pun intended) on camera accessibility. So it is both understandable and welcome that Dixon decided it was time to update all she has learned about accessible picture taking. The result is her latest National Braille Press offering: Capturing and Sharing the World: Taking Photos and Videos with an iPhone.

The Book’s Focus

In the previous paragraph I used the term “picture taking” instead of “photography” for a reason. When I think of “photography” I think of exposure, composition, filters, field of view. Indeed, Dixon's coverage of all of these artistic aspects takes up a majority of the book. But the book also covers the mechanics of blind-accessible picture taking, editing, and sharing—and without the mechanics, one can't hope to attempt the art.

In its most basic form, a camera is a simple device. You can make one with an empty light-proof box or other container. Simply poke a pinhole into the box with a strip of paper to block or allow light inside. The pinhole acts as a sort of rudimentary lens, allowing light through and projecting it onto the rear surface of the container. Of course you will also need some sort of film, light sensitive photo paper, or coated glass plate, which will react to the patterns of light and change color accordingly. Basically, that’s all there is to it, and generations of Intro to Photography students have begun by constructing and using a pinhole camera.

Needless to say, today’s iPhone cameras are just a tad bit more complex. They contain over 200 parts and software enhancements so dramatic, politicians have become cautious about indignantly waving pages of “proof” in front of press because a quick zoom may reveal what they’re actually showing is their grocery list.

Apertures, F-stops, live photos, panoramic shots, megapixels, HDR... modern-day photographic lingo can seem daunting, but Dixon begins with a useful glossary of these and other terms, describing each in simple language. She is well aware that her audience may never have been able to see an actual photograph with its various visual elements. She is also a VoiceOver user, so her descriptions of the camera controls, both hardware and software, are equally blind friendly.

A Blind Photographer’s Journey

Dixon decided long ago she was going to hone her photography skills. Toward that end she enlisted a photographer friend to evaluate her efforts with a critical eye, posting her work to a shared photo library. Dixon describes how to set up and use a similar shared gallery along with other ways to store and share your photos.

Sometimes the best way to teach is to demonstrate and explain, and this is how the author takes the reader through the process of deciding on a photo subject, evaluating the lighting, shadows, focus, composition, and other elements to be considered. She creates four photo scenarios, taking the reader step by step through the decision-making and physical process of photographing the cherry blossoms at her home in the Washington DC area; her guide dog, Potter, trotting across the back yard; a baking contest entry; and a hotel thermostat she wishes to have a friend help her with remotely

Dixon uses her iPhone’s burst mode to snap a photo of Potter. Photo burst is a special iPhone feature that shoots numerous shots one after the other, and then selects what it thinks is the best to display and save, but keeps the rest in case an even better shot is available. She then uses the iPhone’s scene preview feature, which attempts to recognize objects and does its best to describe faces and even their emotions: smiling, frowning, and the like. Writes Dixon: “When I start taking pictures of [Potter], he usually starts moving but if he doesn’t, I sweep the camera around a bit and hope it finds him.”

Burst mode allows a wide margin of error, and Dixon states it’s her favorite way to snap photos. It is also mine, and if you haven’t tried it yet, I strongly encourage you to do so. Unlike other instructional works where the author accomplishes each task with effortless grace, Dixon does not always get it right the first try. She is happy to share her mistakes because they are the very same mistakes other blind photographers will invariably make themselves. The thermostat display catches some glare. The pan needs to be cleared of crumbs. The cherry tree is too low in the frame because she held the phone tilted too far down, and isn’t actually in full bloom. Dixon’s coach is generous with his time and critical eye. For example, regarding her first photo of Potter, “It’s not a flattering picture of him, nor is it unflattering.” She shares his responses with the reader so we can learn and improve along with her, either by reshooting the photo or using the iPhone’s powerful editing and enhancement options.

Apps and Apertures

The iPhone includes a Camera app and a Photos app, the first for taking pictures and shooting video and the second for viewing and editing your work. Each has become increasingly VoiceOver accessible. From locating faces (“one person in top left, smiling") and describing scenes ("grass, trees”), to audible alerts to let you know you’re holding your phone level, to voice descriptions of filters and frame size and as many auto-enhancement features as possible, picture taking is as accessible as it has ever been.

Dixon works her way through the myriad controls and options, many of which change depending on whether you're shooting photos or videos, portrait or landscape. Dixon’s favorite editing tool would seem to be the auto enhance button. She does not mention, however, if this feature will detect and correct red-eye, the red glow that can appear in people's eyes when photographed straight on as the camera flash reflects off their retinae.

Dixon concludes her book with a discussion of several handy iPhone accessories. For me, the first, a tripod, is the most useful. Portable, desktop models are fairly inexpensive, usually under $20, and I keep one on my desk for Be My Eyes tech calls to Microsoft and Google. It’s so much easier typing with the phone in a tripod, and the image is a lot steadier for the support worker, as well.

I may not use many of these advanced editing and enhancements features, but at least now I know what’s there and what’s possible. For example, did you know that beginning with the iPhone 11, you can set the camera to automatically include more picture than what is shown within the viewfinder? Ever had someone tell you, “That’s an amazing picture, but you cut off the very top of your subject’s head.” On the latest iPhone, for 30 days after taking a shot you can bring in the extra image information and edit it into the printable or viewable photograph. Cool.

The Big Picture

Dixon has made a hobby out of improving her photography, and has a photo coach to help her evaluate and improve her work. You may not. You may also be asking yourself, besides knowing how to shoot a good enough picture to do OCR on a restaurant menu or box of instant rice, or texting a quick selfie from a try-on room to see what your sister thinks of these jeans, why would I even care about photos? Want to share pictures from a party? There are other guests who are doing a much better job than you could and they would be happy to share. And that fireworks show you attended? Other snap-happy attendees are sharing pics while the explosions are still ka-booming overhead.

But what about the afternoon when your wife and granddaughter were working together on a craft project and there was no one else around? Or the national convention outing to Disneyworld you’d like to share with family back home on Facebook or Instagram?

There are many reasons why you might want to read this book and improve your picture-taking skills. Perhaps the best reason is the one I suspect is behind Judy Dixon's pursuit of the hobby: Because it’s possible, and because she can.

Product Information

Book: Capturing and Sharing the World: Taking Photos and Videos with an iPhone, by Judy Dixon Available from: The National Braille Press in Braille, Daisy download, eBraille, Large Print, and MS Word formats Price: $18; add $2.50 to purchase one of the digital formats preloaded onto a USB drive.

This article is made possible in part by generous funding from the James H. and Alice Teubert Charitable Trust, Huntington, West Virginia.

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August Table of Contents

Book Review: <i>Personal Power: iOS Edition</i>, by Michael Feir

Steve Kelley

While most of us have been grumbling about the impact COVID-19 has had on our lives, author Michael Feir attributes the disruption to motivating him to get his new book, Personal Power: The iOS Edition, off his desk and out the door. Feir said of his recent work, a 250,000-word in-depth guide to the Apple operating system used in the iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch, “I’d been pounding away for three and a half years…but I might have published a bit later in the summer rather than in April… COVID-19 just really gave me the sense that this could really help people now. Holding this back really weighed on me.”

The book is available as a free download from Michael Feir’s Blog. Feir sees technology like the iPhone as a game-changer for those who use accessibility features like VoiceOver, because these features come packaged on a mainstream device that can be purchased anywhere, and offer an economic leverage that is really unprecedented. As an example he offers this: “I have close to 3,000 Kindle books on my iPhone right now, that I’m holding in one hand, that are fully accessible, that I didn’t pay a cent more for than anyone else."

Feir recounted a time when he’d been given a book on video games that contained 624 pages. “I was able to scan it, but it took over 50 hours. It was nuts. Of course my pages were out of order—it was not a perfect scan, and there were all sorts of problems with it. So I went into the iBook Store, and for like fifteen bucks, I downloaded a copy of the same book, opened it up, and there was a perfect copy of the book! “

In addition to the ready availability of books that the iPhone makes accessible to all users, Feir pointed out how the development of low-cost apps has also offered a new level of economic leverage. He described the cost, both financial and temporal, of a scanning program for the computer: $1,000 for the program, updates at $180, per-page processing time at about 30 seconds, and so on. Then he compared this to an app for the iPhone that cost $100 and updated itself at no additional cost: “You snap a picture of the page—it even helps you line up the shot—and it just started reading. I kept waiting for the scanning mistakes. It just kept reading paragraph after paragraph of perfect capture, perfect interpretation, and just kept reading flawlessly. That was utterly mind-blowing to me and I realized the implications were just huge!”

Feir made it clear in our conversation and the book that he is not promoting the Apple iPhone so much as he is promoting the opportunities it provides for reading, GPS, sighted assistance using apps like Aira and Be My Eyes, using the camera as a tool, and engaging more with the world by accessing the Web, writing blogs, emailing and texting friends and family, and on and on. All of this in a mainstream device that doesn’t include the added cost of many assistive technology devices. “Here’s a device I can hold in my hand with a working GPS that is better then the Trekker Breeze was, right? In the same device you have a library, …a scanner, …a word processor,…a stereo. The implications, especially if you are living on a lower income or on the margins…are tremendous.”

Although Feir is very optimistic about the potential of an iOS device, the many tasks it can be used for, and the other, more expensive devices and software it might replace, he is also a realist. He identifies one of the downsides of switching from an assistive technology device, like a braille notetaker, for example, to a more mainstream device with accessibility built in: “Of course there are downsides, and this is something I wanted to make really clear to people. The whole idea of being part of something larger than the blindness products…you have to come at it from a different perspective.”

As an example, Feir pointed out that most of his book, which would be over 500 pages in print, was written using an iPhone with a connected Bluetooth keyboard. During a system update near the end of the project, the spellcheck “got broken.” He makes the point that some of the features are not going to work as flawlessly as they might on a dedicated assistive technology device, requiring some user flexibility and a willingness to use creative workarounds. Feir encourages us to recognize that, while these glitches are disappointing and need to be called out when they happen, they are also a part of having access to a much broader range of possibilities at a much lower cost.

Personal Power is really written with the beginner in mind, but the book is so thorough that someone currently using iOS with VoiceOver is going to find plenty they’ve not yet discovered. Feir’s approach is to guide the reader through a comprehensive look at the whole Apple environment—the App Store, accessible apps for productivity, leisure, and health. There is even a section dedicated to the benefits and support of using an iOS device during COVID-19 social distancing efforts.

“I want to help beginners get enough of a positive starting experience that they realize the potential…and maybe discover something that I haven’t yet," he says. "That would be a huge reward if that starts happening!”

Michael Feir’s writing style and the layout of the book make for a leisurely read, with pauses along the way for background information. Reading Personal Power can be a self-paced tour for the novice through the land of iOS, or with a more selective approach to reading various chapters, it can also prove to be a guide to getting up and running more quickly. As he puts it: “This is about your personal life, the pursuit of your own interests…not about learning Excel to do your job. This is about writing to friends, family, blogging, engaging in online worlds, playing games, listening to music, podcasts, Netflix—all the things that the iPhone can let you do.”

While Personal Power was not intended primarily to help users develop employment skills for a job, Feir recognizes and is quick to point out that the technology skills essential for employment are often more quickly developed when involved in something enjoyable. “There’s a lot of potential out there,” he remarked—citing the often heard statistic of a 70 percent unemployment rate among job seekers with visual impairments—“and hopefully this will help galvanize some of that…We learn best when we are having so much fun we don’t even know it’s happening. The skills you learn playing an adventure game, learning to type, learning to swipe and tap your way through a choose-your-own-adventure—those are the kinds of skills that are going to help you come back and do your work faster on Monday. I always encourage people when they get a piece of technology like this to find something fun, find something you actually want to do that isn’t work related.”

True to his word, chapters in Personal Power explain the App Store, iTunes, music apps, games, FaceTime, reading, along with a chapter titled, “Time to Play." The novice who needs to get up and running with iOS quickly, or just wants to see if one of the iOS devices is right for their needs, will find a couple chapters that will help them. Going straight to the “Quick Start” chapter to get a great overview on setting up an iOS device and the basics of VoiceOver. “Reaching Out,” will get you up and running quickly with the phone, texting and email. When it’s time to really get down to business, the chapter “Getting Things Done” offers more traditional work-related sections like, “Apps for Better Notetaking,” “Time and Task Management Apps," and “Crunching the Numbers.” For the braille user or newcomer to iOS curious about how braille is done on a flat screen, the chapter, “Going Dotty,” puts it all together.

One of the features that makes Personal Power stand out are the chapters related to accessories. Sections in the chapter, “Your iOS Device and Accessories,” include: “Accessories Beyond the Basics,” “Bluetooth Keyboards,” Audio Accessories,” “Cases,” and more. For the beginner or skeptic, a great section to help decide where an iOS device fits into the tech mix is, “Why not a Note Taker or Laptop,” in which he explains some of the practical pros and cons of using an iOS device to replace or compliment other less portable or more expensive devices.

As mentioned at the outset, Personal Power: The iOS Edition is available as a free download in ePub format, which is easily opened in a wide range of apps including Voice Dream Reader, or as a Word/RTF document. Feir mentioned that a third-party has expressed interest in creating a DAISY version of the book that will allow even broader access.

Personal Power: The iOS Edition is a valuable resource, is written by a devotee of iOS devices, and a realist who himself started as a novice and a bit of a skeptic. Through trial and error, Michael Feir uncovered many skills and shortcuts and has written this book in order to generously share this knowledge, along with the greater engagement in learning, community, and work these devices offer their users.

This article is made possible in part by generous funding from the James H. and Alice Teubert Charitable Trust, Huntington, West Virginia.

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August Table of Contents

<i>AccessWorld</i> News

For the First Time, Researchers Capture Cell-Level Details of Curved Cornea Using New Optical Coherence Tomography Technique

Researchers have, for the first time, acquired optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the curved layers of a human cornea with cell-level detail and a large viewing area. The new OCT instrument enables improved monitoring of eye diseases as well as general health conditions such as diabetes, which alter the density of nerves in the cornea.

“As the curved outermost part of the eye, the cornea offers a transparent window into both ocular and general health conditions,” said corresponding author Viacheslav Mazlin, from The Langevin Institute, a joint research unit between ESPCI Paris and CNRS in France. “The cell-level resolution and large viewing area available from our instrument are ideal for monitoring corneal diseases like endothelial dysfunction and general diabetic conditions, understanding their evolution at the biological scale, and quantitatively evaluating the efficacy of novel treatment strategies.”

In Optica, The Optical Society's (OSA) journal for high-impact research, Mazlin and a multi-institutional group of colleagues describe their new curved-field OCT device, which provides high-resolution optical sections with an area ten times larger than clinical devices currently used for corneal diagnostics. The combination of high resolution with large viewing area enables more precise counting of cells and nerves for diagnosing disease and reduces the chance of missing a disease-affected area.

A high-resolution view with a large imaging area is particularly important for improving the outcomes of cataract surgeries. Cataract surgery causes a loss of endothelial cells, and if the number of those cells drops below a critical threshold value then a person may require a corneal transplant.

“Doctors frequently perform endothelial cell counting before cataract surgery to ensure there will be enough endothelial cells to preserve the cornea after the surgery,” said co-author Kristina Irsch from Sorbonne University in France. “Because our instrument provides a much larger viewing area than the existing clinical devices, we can count more cells, making for a more accurate evaluation of the corneal health and potentially improving surgical predictions and outcomes.” 

The new technique is based on OCT, a high-resolution non-invasive imaging technique that is commonly used to acquire cross-sectional images of the retina. OCT acquires thin optical slices by using interference between the light from the sample and the light from a mirror located in an additional optical reference arm.

The existing full-field OCT approach was developed to acquire optical sections parallel to the surface of the eye. The entire slice is captured by a 2D camera. However, acquiring a flat slice across a curved sample like the cornea would slice through several corneal layers at once, limiting the field of view.

To capture optical sections that match the curvature of the cornea—in other words, optically flattening the cornea—the researchers used a full-field OCT configuration where the flat mirror in the additional optical reference arm is replaced with a curved optical lens. The 2D camera captures all the pixels within the viewing area at the same time, making this approach immune to artifacts that can arise with other OCT configurations.

“The ability to use full-field and curved-field OCT to image eyes in people—where the eye is constantly moving—became possible recently, thanks to the development of advanced cameras with higher speeds and better light-detection capabilities,” said research team leader Claude Boccara from The Langevin Institute.

After testing the device on a flat target and a model eye, they used it to image the cornea of a healthy person. This required centering the instrument on the corneal apex — the point of maximum curvature — while the eye was moving. They accomplished this by placing the device on a motorized XYZ translation stage that could be moved with a joystick.

With this setup, the alignment took only a few minutes, while image capture was completed in a fraction of a second.  The device successfully captured nerve and endothelial cell slices of the person’s cornea with an unprecedented viewing area larger than 1 square millimeter.

The new device could also have applications beyond ophthalmology. “Our device is universal and may prove useful for studying any type of transparent sample exhibiting a curved structure,” said Mazlin.

The researchers say that the device is ready for use in clinical research. They are working to incorporate features that would improve the experience of clinicians, such as automatic cell counting and easier aligning procedures. They are also planning to increase the viewing area even more with only a slight reduction in resolution.

M-Enabling Summit Postponed Until 2021, Virtual Briefing Scheduled for September 15, 2020

Given the impact COVID-19 has had across the globe, The M-Enabling Summit team has decided to postpone this year's in-person event until June 21-23, 2021. For this year, instead, they will be hosting a Virtual Leadership Briefing on September 15th for top influencers addressing the theme of “A New Reality for Digital Accessibility.”

eSight Eyewear Announces release of eSight 4

eSight, a vision enhancement platform, today announces the launch of its latest innovation, eSight 4. eSight’s wearable assistive device is clinically validated to significantly enhance vision for those who are living with eye disease and disorders that lead to low vision and legal blindness. eSight 4 aims to set a new standard for enhanced vision technology by providing even greater visual clarity, a more versatile hardware design to enable unprecedented mobility and all-day use, and incorporates new advanced cloud-based capabilities and mobile apps.

eSight 4 builds upon the success of eSight 3. Since that time, thousands of users have joined eSight’s community living with visual acuities from 20/60 to 20/1400 (perfect vision is 20/20) caused by more than 20 different eye conditions including macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and Stargardt’s disease.

eSight’s vision-enhancing technology works by stimulating the remaining synaptic activity in the user’s eyes to provide the brain with increased visual information. Using the same clinically validated principles, eSight 4 incorporates extensive research and feedback from users to bring new advancements in three key areas:

Greater Visual Acuity: The new eSight 4 combines the best-matched camera, lens and screens that are backed by powerful custom software so the user can see more clearly and in greater detail.

  • More powerful software capabilities including improved auto-focus, applauded by early wearers, and 2x the maximum brightness.
  • Advanced controls that continue to allow wearers to take control of their vision with 24X zoom, focus, and contrast, but now also include custom viewing modes.
  • Two high-resolution screens (1280x960) for full binocular vision that integrate with the user’s own prescription lenses to enable even greater visual clarity.

New Hardware Design for Greater Mobility: eSight 4 is a mobile and versatile device that moves seamlessly with the wearer’s lifestyle whether reading or out on the go.

  • Wireless and hands-free, the eSight 4 head-mounted device includes easy to use built-in controls for true freedom and active living.
  • Thoughtfully designed, the new eSight 4 halo band with easy-swap back-battery perfectly distributes the weight for all-day comfort and use.
  • eSight 4 maintains its patented bioptic tilt feature which allows users to see what’s in front of them using eSight, and maintain what’s around them using their remaining peripheral vision.

Now Cloud-Based with New Mobile Apps: Leveraging the best of today’s digital possibilities, eSight 4 provides advanced capabilities in terms of community, support, entertainment, and connectivity.

  • An eSight exclusive feature, shared accounts allows users to invite loved ones, or eSight support, to securely see what they see and help customize their experience.
  • Using the mobile app, users can view their mobile screen on their eSight where they can freeze and zoom to see the details, watch video streaming on their phone on their eSight, and save and share photos and videos captured on their eSight to the user’s mobile device.
  • Cloud-based, users get instant access to the latest features, which sets the stage for new possibilities for innovative community and adaptive learning capabilities.

eSight 4 is available for purchase through a growing number of Optometrists, Ophthalmologists, distributors specializing in low vision assistive technology, and at the eSight website.

August Table of Contents

Letters to the Editor

Here we publish letters submitted by AccessWorld readers on a range of topics. If you would like to submit a letter to the editor, you can do so by sending an email to the Editor, Aaron Preece. You can also send a letter to the Editor by activating the "Comment on this article" link at the bottom of any article.

Dear AccessWorld Editor,

This message is in reference to Jamie Paul's July 2020 article, Maximizing your Efficiency as a Student Using Leasey Tools for the JAWS Screen Reader.

I would like to know if Leasey can be configured to filter out useless information from webpages, like dates and times, as well as repetitive wording like sharing links for social networks.

A discrete beep could sound when something is being skipped. It would save time and make the task of reading the news or any number of other information online, much more pleasant and efficient.

Of course, such sections. e.g. wording, would have to be user-defined.

Thanks,

Fernando

Response from AccessWorld author, Jamie Pauls:

To my knowledge, this feature is not available when using Leasey. If a feature were to exist, it would most likely be found in the JAWS Flexible Web function.

August Table of Contents