Full Issue: AccessWorld December 2016

A Conversation with Lainey Feingold about her new book, Structured Negotiation: a Winning Alternative to Lawsuits

If you've ever used a talking ATM, or entered your debit card PIN into a tactile point of sale terminal, you may not know it, but you owe a debt of gratitude to Lainey Feingold. Blind National League Baseball fans who are blind and enjoy following their home team stats online, traders with visual impairments who buy and sell securities using E*Trade or Charles Schwab, and anyone who has received a talking prescription label from Walmart have also had their quality of independent life enhanced by her work.

Over the past 20 years Feingold and various co-counsels have been instrumental in successfully negotiating over 60 accessibility settlements with companies and communities ranging from Safeway to Target, from Weight Watchers to the City of San Francisco. This is a remarkable feat, in and of itself. What makes it truly amazing, however, is the simple fact that Feingold has managed to accomplish all of this without ever filing a single lawsuit or legal complaint.

We first introduced you to Lainey Feingold in a December 2013 AccessWorld profile. In that article AccessWorld author Deborah Kendrick recounted Feingold's first vision-accessibility case when she was working at the Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund (DREDF) in Berkeley in the early 1990s. The case arose like all the others she has worked on — with advocacy efforts of individual blind people and their organizations. In that case a particular Californian who was blind became exasperated with the failure of Bay Area bus drivers to announce stops. "The ADA had passed in 1990 and regulations were in place," Feingold recalls, "so the rules were there, but people weren't following them."

A few years later while still at DREDF, Feingold began working on the cases that would eventually result in an approach called Structured Negotiation. Along with Linda Dardarian and her Oakland, California, civil rights firm, Feingold began pursuing the blind community's claims for Talking ATMs. Rather than filing a lawsuit, though, Feingold and Dardarian wrote letters, made phone calls, reached an agreement, and solved the problem with the active participation of the California Council of the Blind and individual blind bank customers. Among them was Steven Mendelsohn, who first brought the idea of Talking ATMs to Feingold's attention. At the end of those negotiations, the accessibility of online banking became an important, additional issue. The Talking ATM agreement with Bank of America also included the first language in the country requiring online banking platforms to be usable by blind people.

Over the intervening years Feingold has refined and codified the Structured Negotiation technique. Now she's sharing her knowledge and experiences with others in her new book, Structured Negotiation: A Winning Alternative to Lawsuits, which was recently published by the American Bar Association. This is a must-read resource for any and all lawyers, paralegals, and other advocates involved in disability rights organizations who advocate for equal access and other ADA issues. Happily, the book has also been made available on Bookshare, so even if you're not a legal eagle you will find this book both relevant and useful for your personal advocacy.

To whet your appetite, we asked Lainey Feingold to share with our readers the most important things she would like all vision-impaired individuals and those who advocate on their behalf to know about Structured Negotiation.

What is Structured Negotiation?

Structured Negotiation is a dispute resolution process to resolve legal claims without lawsuits. It happens when parties come together and decide to work to resolve a legal issue, such as an ADA violation, without going to court.

How does it differ from a lawsuit or mediation?

In Structured Negotiation the parties usually work directly with each other to resolve their dispute. In a lawsuit there is a third party (a judge) who can make decisions that sometimes neither side likes. Structured Negotiation is not adversarial, and is less expensive than most other forms of dispute resolution. And there is no risk of judgment against anyone on technical reasons. Usually the parties in Structured Negotiation can work things out without a mediator, but sometimes a mediator can be helpful in the process to assist in getting over challenging hurdles during a negotiation.

Who is a good candidate for Structured Negotiation?

For 20 years Structured Negotiation has been successful with private companies, government agencies, and non-profits. Accessible technology issues have been resolved very favorably in the process. Both individuals and organizations have participated in the process. Sometimes one individual can be the basis of a Structured Negotiation, sometime many individuals who have experienced similar problems, or a combination of individuals and organizations. The people and organizations bringing a case in Structured Negotiation are called Claimants, to emphasize that the process is intended to resolve worthy legal claims.

Why would the target company or agency agree to participate in Structured Negotiation?

Structured Negotiation is less expensive than litigation. All parties retain control — there is no judge or jury that may not understand the issues. Structured Negotiation allows parties to maintain on-going relationships—relationships that are often squandered in an adversarial process.

Who pays legal fees?

The ground rules document presented at the beginning of a Structured Negotiation clarifies that attorneys' fees will be paid in the same manner that fees are paid if a case is filed (though of course they will typically be much less). In a discrimination case filed under the ADA, for example, a disabled person who wins a case has a legal right to have her or his attorneys' fees paid by the entity that has been sued. Structured Negotiation is a win-win process, and claimants do not give up any rights by participating. Therefore, attorneys' fees in appropriate cases are part of the final settlement. On the other hand, if the negotiation is not successful, lawyers for the claimants will not recover legal fees. As a lawyer who has represented blind people and their organizations for 20 years, I do not charge my clients. Federal law allows recovery of attorney's fees from the company or government agency with whom we are negotiating.

Can a Structured Negotiation be a lengthy process?

The length of time it takes to successfully complete a negotiation varies. Sometimes resolution is quick, sometimes it takes longer. Patience is an important quality of Structured Negotiation. We can be patient because we know that sometimes it takes a large organization significant time to make decisions that impact policy and technology. In my experience that time is often a very good investment in ensuring that there is real buy-in for change.

What sort of precedents does a successful Structured Negotiation set?

Because Structured Negotiation occurs outside the court system, there is no legal precedent. On the other hand, the process can set industry precedent because when one company does something others are more likely to do it too. This happened with Talking ATMs. Once the first banks agreed to install the new equipment, it was easier to convince other banks to do so. We did Talking ATM cases in Structured Negotiation all around the United States. And the technology spread internationally too. I still get excited when I read about new banks making their technology accessible to blind people all over the world. Industry precedent also happened with talking prescription labels. Walmart was the first national retailer to agree to talking labels in Structured Negotiation with the AFB, the ACB (American Council of the Blind) and the ACB's California affiliate as claimants. Many other national pharmacy retailers followed.

Can successful Structured Negotiation affect the way accessible devices are made and marketed?

I believe it can. Walmart agreed in Structured Negotiation to install point-of-sale devices with keypads that could be felt and not just seen. Walmart put pressure on its vendor to make those devices, and they were then available to other companies wanting to protect a blind person's right to privately enter their PIN. This was one of several cases that AFB was involved with as a claimant.

How is a Structured Negotiation monitored over time?

A successful Structured Negotiation ends with a binding legal settlement agreement, very similar to the settlement agreements that come out of most filed cases. We monitor our agreements like we would had we filed a case: we get progress reports from companies, we ask our clients to give us feedback, and we have meetings to make sure things are working as they should. If they are not, we work together to resolve any problems. The good relationships developed during Structured Negotiation extend to this monitoring period. We have never had to go to court to enforce one of our agreements.

How can the concept of Structured Negotiation be extended?

That is one of the reasons I wrote this book. I believe the process can work in many other types of cases where the parties prefer cooperation over conflict. When everyone behaves reasonably, is trustworthy, and stays focused on solution, Structured Negotiation can be an effective way to resolve legal claims. It is my hope that people read the book, try the process in appropriate cases, and let me know what happens!

Structured Negotiation: a Winning Alternative to Lawsuits is available from the American Bar Association Bookshare.

More information on Lainey Feingold's law practice, including a 10-percent discount code for the book purchase, can be found on her firm's website.

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What's New in MacOS Sierra and the New MacBooks

On September 20, 2016, Apple released macOS Sierra. With this release, the Mac operating system joins the other Apple operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS in how it is named.

As part of its event on October 27, 2006, Apple introduced its new MacBook Pro lineup. At the time of this writing, the 13-inch MacBook Air is still available, but the 11-inch is not. There was no news about desktop computers.

macOS Sierra

This new operating system has some new features including Siri and Universal Clipboard. There are also some VoiceOver changes.

Not all Macs can use macOS Sierra. The following computers can run it:

  • iMac (Late 2009 or newer)
  • MacBook (Late 2009 or newer)
  • MacBook Pro (Mid 2010 or newer)
  • MacBook Air (Late 2010 or newer)
  • Mac mini (Mid?2010 or newer)
  • Mac Pro (Mid 2010 or newer)

Before installing Sierra, back up your computer. Install Sierra by going to the Mac App Store and activating the Updates radio button. Sierra is listed as an update. Select it and follow the installation prompts.

Siri

Siri is now available on the Mac. Open System Preferences and select the Siri tab. The first control is to enable Siri. This is checked by default, but if not, check the box. Next is a pop-up menu for selecting a language. If you purchased your Mac in the United States, English is selected by default. The next pop-up menu is for selecting Siri's voice. There are many options including American Female, American Male, British Male, British Female, and Irish Female.

Next are two radio buttons labeled "On" and "Off." These control Siri's voice feedback. If you want Siri to speak, make sure the "On" button is checked. Next is the control for choosing an input source. The Mac's internal microphone is selected by default. If you are using an additional microphone, select it from the menu. Next is the menu for choosing a keyboard shortcut to activate Siri. The final control is a checkbox for whether Siri should be shown in the menu bar. It is checked by default.

Universal Clipboard

This new Apple Continuity feature lets you transfer text from your Mac to your iOS device and from your iOS device to your Mac. Sierra needs to be running on your Mac and iOS 10 needs to be running on your iOS device.

The following Macs can use this feature:

  • MacBook (Early 2015 or newer)
  • MacBook Pro (2012 or newer)
  • MacBook Air (2012 or newer)
  • Mac mini (2012 or newer)
  • iMac (2012 or newer)
  • Mac Pro (Late 2013)

The following iOS devices can use this feature:

  • iPhone 5 or newer
  • iPad Pro
  • iPad (4th generation)
  • iPad Air or newer
  • iPad mini 2 or newer
  • iPod touch (6th generation) or newer

Both devices need to be in Bluetooth range and have Handoff activated. Handoff lets the user start work on one device and continue it on another device. For example, you can start an email on your Mac and finish it on your iPhone. Enable Handoff on the Mac in the General tab of System Preferences. On the iOS device go to Settings/General/Handoff and make sure the "Handoff" button is on.

To copy text from the Mac to an iOS device, select the text to be copied and then type Command + C. It will now be on the Universal Clipboard. Locate where you want to place the text on your device. Go to Edit on the VoiceOver Rotor. Then, select Paste. The text will be copied to the device. Copy text from an iOS device to a Mac by using the Rotor to select and copy the text. Locate where it should be placed on the Mac and type Command + V and text will be pasted. You can also use the Universal Clipboard to copy from one iOS device to another.

Desktop and Documents Folder in iCloud Drive

You can now access your Desktop and Documents folders on your iOS devices through iCloud Drive. Apple automatically gives 5 gigabytes (5GB) of free storage space. Additional space can be purchased through the iCloud tab in System preferences.

If this feature has not been set up during installation, you can still do it. Open System Preferences and activate the iCloud tab. In the iCloud tab, activate the Options button next to iCloud. Activate the Options button next to iCloud Drive. Then check the box for the "Desktop and Documents" folder. If there is insufficient space in iCloud, you will hear an option to purchase more. Activate the "Done" button in the lower right of the window.

On your iOS device, open iCloud Drive. Open the Desktop or Documents folder and select the file.

The syncing of the Desktop and Documents folders can be reversed. Instead of checking the Desktop and Documents folders option, uncheck it.

Unlock Your Mac with Your Apple Watch

This feature only works on Macs made in mid-2013 and later and the Apple Watch must be running watchOS3. You need to be signed into iCloud and both the Mac and Watch need to be on the same Apple ID. In addition, 2-factor identification must be activated for your Apple ID.

Turn on Auto Unlock by going to System Preferences and activating the Security and Privacy tab. Check the box that allows your watch to unlock your Mac. You must be wearing an Apple Watch to unlock the Mac. Press a key or open the lid of your computer. Your Mac should then unlock.

VoiceOver Volume

It is no longer necessary to go into the VoiceOver utility or use Command + Control + Option and arrow keys to change VoiceOver's volume. Control + Option will lower the volume and Control + Option + = (equals) will raise it.

New VoiceOver Verbosity Options

Sometimes a screen reader speaks too much. Apple has added a few options for decreasing VoiceOver's verbosity. VoiceOver speaks less when interacting. When interacting begins, VoiceOver says "In" and whatever you're interacting with. When interacting stops, VoiceOver says, "Out of." For example, interacting with the Messages table in Mail will cause VoiceOver to say, "In Messages." When interacting is stopped VoiceOver says, "Out of Messages." VoiceOver's messages in Safari are also considerably shorter. For example, when a new page loads VoiceOver can say, "In Web content."

You can now stop VoiceOver from saying "One row added" in applications such as Twitter. In the VoiceOver Utility go to the Verbosity category. Once there, locate the Announcements tab. Then find the pop-up menu for when number of rows changes under the VoiceOver Cursor. There are now three options, speak update, do nothing, and play tone.

Mail

The Mail app now has a Filter option. It is located to the left of the Inbox.

Also, if using the standard view in Mail, previews of each message are now automatically spoken.

iTunes and Apple Music

The search form for finding music is near the top of the iTunes window. Command + F gets you to it. The first part of the form is an edit box. Next are two radio buttons labeled "In Library?"and "All Apple Music." Search results are in a table to the right of the radio buttons. Make your selection and go to the scroll area. You can get there quickly with Function + Control + Option + Right Arrow (VO + End).

The scroll area will present information on your selection and the option to play it.

There are new radio buttons in iTunes and some have been removed. The first button is set to Music by default. This button is a pop-up menu. Other options include Movies, Apps, and TV Shows. When the "Music" button is selected, the first radio button is "Library". Activating this button will bring up a list of all music in your library. Use the tab key to get to the library contents. Tabbing past the other radio buttons brings you to the sidebar. The sidebar has categories including Songs, Artists, and Recently Added. If you are an Apple Music subscriber, all downloaded playlists will also be listed on the sidebar. Make your selection and tab to the list of songs. If you don't want the side bar, tab to the "Hide" button and select it.

The next button is "For You." When this button is activated, the scroll area will display some recently played songs and also recommendations based on your listening preferences.

The "Browse" button brings up a list of links including "Playlists," "New Music," and "Top Charts." The next two buttons are "Radio" (which controls iTunes Radio) and "Store" which brings you to the iTunes store.

Siri can be used to play iTunes and Apple music. For example, Siri can be asked to play a specific song, playlist, artist or album.

Macs

On October 27th, 2016, Apple held a press event called "Hello Again." They began the presentation with a video demonstrating many of Apple's accessibility features. Apple now has an accessibility website, where you can access the video and play it with video description.

Apple is coming out with a new app called TV, which organizes movies and TV shows that you have been watching. It works with a variety of video services and will be available by the end of the 2016.

The main part of the event was Apple introducing the new MacBooks and their new features. One of the biggest changes, which is available on the 15-inch MacBook Pro and one model of the 13-inch MacBook Pro, is a Touch Bar that replaces the top row of keys. It is located above the number keys and acts as a touch screen. What appears on the screen depends on which app is in focus. Given Apple's commitment to accessibility, VoiceOver users will have access to the Touch Bar. VoiceOver can be turned on and off by holding down the Command key and pressing the new "Touch ID" button three times. The Touch Bar will work similarly to an iOS screen.

All new MacBooks will have USB-C Ports. Minimum storage space will be 250GB. The new MacBooks are thinner without decreasing battery power.

The 13-inch basic MacBook Pro still has standard function keys. It does not have Touch ID. The 13-inch MacBook Pro has four USB-C ports, Touch Bar, and Touch ID. The 15-inch MacBook Pro has 4 USB-C ports, Touch Bar, and Touch ID.

Learn more about all the MacBooks at the Apple website.

Conclusion

Sierra has some excellent new features. Siri and Universal Clipboard make the update worthwhile on their own. Also, the new VoiceOver features including new voices and verbosity options are a welcome addition.

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Microsoft Word with NVDA: A Review of the Latest NV Access Training Guide

In the April 2016 issue of AccessWorld I took a look at an excellent eBook entitled My Mac Pages: A VoiceOver Guide to Word Processing, written by the husband and wife team of Anne and Archie Robertson. In that article I noted that providers of "for purchase" screen readers—primarily JAWS and Window-Eyes—go to great lengths to offer users extensive documentation, webinars, and other resources to help new and experienced users of their products. Free screen reader providers, including Google, Apple, and Microsoft, have not been as accommodating, although the latter two do offer free telephone support for assistive technology users.

Until recently, NV Access, makers of the free NVDA (Non Visual Desktop Access) Windows screen reader, was similarly limited in their end user resources. This has been rapidly changing, however. In April of 2016 NV Access published the eBook Basic Training for NVDA, which is available for $30. Closer to home, AFB now also offers "Learn NVDA" a series of tutorials aimed at the new NVDA user. This series is free, and, suffice it to say, I give it my highest recommendation.

As I also wrote in the My Mac Pages article, "any user of a screen reader can tell you there is a difference between learning the functions of a screen reader's various commands and actually using them to compose documents, surf the Web, and in general, to get work done." True, there are any number of user guides for Pages for Mac, Microsoft Office, and other popular applications. But nearly all of these have been written for sighted users who can and do rely on a screen and mouse to interact with their computers. Which is why I am always excited to hear about the release of a new applications guide focused on low or no vision users. The latest to cross my desk is Microsoft Word with NVDA, also produced by NV Access and available for $30.

Formats and Navigation

Microsoft Word with NVDA arrives in a selection of four formats: ePub, HTML, .docx, and Mobi for Kindle. Audio and braille formats are promised but not yet available at the time of this writing. Except for basic refreshers here and there, the book assumes you already have a working knowledge of using NVDA, so novice users of this screen reader may wish to either view the AFB tutorial series or else purchase Basic Training for NVDA. Unfortunately, a discount isn't offered for the purchase of both the Basic Training and Microsoft Word guides.

Microsoft Word with NVDA focuses on the MS Word app in Office 10, Office 13, and Office 16. It does not cover Office Online, or Microsoft Office for Mac.

The book is well-formatted and tagged, at least to a point. I began reading the book in ePub format using Voice Dream Reader, which made it easier to go back and forth between reading and putting what I learned to work. However, at one point, after section 5.7, Copying and Pasting, I had to switch to the .docx format, as I was unable to navigate using headings beyond this section. I downloaded the ePub book again, but to no avail. I am not sure if this is a problem with the ePub formatted document or Voice Dream Reader.

In either case, reading the book was just as easy using the .docx file with NVDA's Browse/Focus toggle. You can access this toggle by pressing the NVDA key+Spacebar combination. With Browse mode enabled, you can navigate book headings, lists, and other navigational elements in an MS Word document using the same Quick Keys you use to navigate a web page: H and Shift + H for next and previous headings, for example, and I and Shift + I for next and previous list items.

From Basics to Advanced

The book is divided into 13 chapters that contain a number of bite-size sections in each. Beginning with the basics, the first chapter walks the reader through opening Word and creating a document, editing and basic formatting commands, accessing the ribbon and Word's Zoom features, and saving and printing a document. Readers who currently already use Word can easily skip this chapter, unless you are flummoxed from time to time when you are blocked from accessing and editing a document that arrived as an email attachment, in which case you will definitely want to review the final instructional section of this chapter, "Navigating Protected Mode."

Each of the book's chapters begins with an outline of what will be covered, and concludes with a chapter summary and activity list, a series of exercises the user can complete to reinforce what he or she has just learned. Each chapter builds nicely upon what you've learned in the previous chapters. MS Word keyboard commands and shortcuts are always provided, and whenever an NVDA command is demonstrated, both the desktop and laptop layout hotkeys are specified.

According to a blurb on the website, "Topics covered include: Getting started with Microsoft Word, proofreading, styles, tables, page layout, referencing, inserting, collaboration and sharing and customizing Word options." Here I believe NV Access somewhat minimizes the breadth and scope of their accomplishment. I would suggest NV Access post a copy of the book's Table of Contents on their website, at the very least. A sample section would be even better, perhaps one of the latter sections to give the potential purchaser a true flavor of what they would get. For example, below is Section 9:

9 Referencing, 9.1 Links, 9.2 Navigating to Links, 9.3 Editing Links, 9.4 Footnotes, 9.5 Endnotes, 9.6 Advanced Footnotes and Endnotes, 9.7 Adding Bookmarks, 9.8 Moving to a Bookmark using Go To, 9.9 Cross-references, 9.10 Creating a Table of Contents, 9.11 Updating Table of Contents, 9.12 Customizing the Table of contents, 9.13 Using Citations, 9.14 Adding a Bibliography, 9.15 Updating the Bibliography, 9.16 Marking Index Entries, 9.17 Creating a Word Index, 9.18 The Mark Index Entry Dialog, 9.19 Table of Authorities, 9.20 Referencing Review.

As you can see, Microsoft Word with NVDA covers a lot of ground. It also manages to do this without relying on a lot of NVDA-specific concepts and commands. Exceptions do exist, including using the NVDA Browse Mode to quickly navigate through properly formatted documents, and using the NVDA Review Cursor to read the text description of Word commands you can associate to the hotkey of your choice—an ability anyone using a screen reader must definitely investigate.

About the only major MS Word feature given short shrift in this guide is the new Alt + Q "Tell Me" command. It's buried in a single paragraph in the "Topics Not Covered" section. I think it should have been prominently featured near the beginning of the book. "Tell Me" allows a user to type in the name of a feature or function for which he or she cannot remember the keyboard command or Ribbon location, and it returns results you can activate with a press of the Enter key. Not only does this feature help the novice user better experience the power of MS Word, it can often be a quicker way to accomplish a task. I frequently enter "Clear" in the Tell Me search box to quickly perform the "Clear Formatting" command.

Final Words

Although Microsoft Word with NVDA is targeted primarily at users of the free NVDA screen reader, this book would be equally valuable to the JAWS or Window-Eyes user. At almost 60,000 words in length, I cannot imagine a more comprehensive guide to using Microsoft Word with keyboard commands and a screen reader. Its step-by-step progression from basic to advanced features with plenty of review and hands-on practice make this a must-have book for anyone who is either learning to use MS Word or is an accessibility trainer who teaches the program to individuals with visual impairments. Power users may also benefit from the book's depth of coverage, especially regarding obscure features that are rarely used. I won't offer examples here, as one person's rarely used feature may be another person's daily grind.

Here's hoping NV Access will not be too long in producing guides to Excel, Outlook, and other MS Office products.

Product Information

Microsoft Word with NVDA
Cost: $30
Available from: NVAccess

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Game Review: Timecrest: The Door by Sneaky Crab, Incorporated

In previous issues of AccessWorld, I have reviewed several interactive fiction titles including Choice of Robots, and the Delight Games series. In each of those text-based games, the player assumes the role of a character in the game. Decisions made are based on the personality of the character, and, as discussed in those articles, the character's personality should always be kept in mind during game play. In this article, we will take a look at yet another work of interactive fiction—Timecrest: The Door by Sneaky Crab, Incorporated. Throughout the remainder of this article, I will generally refer to the game simply as Timecrest. Unlike the games previously mentioned, in Timecrest, you play the part of an advisor. The main character of the game, a 16-year-old boy named Ash, who is from the magical world of Alyncia, may take your advice, or he may choose to follow his own path. Ash trusts you, though, and your advice matters greatly to him. For me, at least, Timecrest stands out from many of the other interactive fiction games I've played recently, and I will attempt to explain why. Along the way, perhaps I can entice some of my readers into playing the game for themselves. Also, I believe that the developers of Timecrest deserve some recognition for the work they have put into implementing VoiceOver accessibility into this game, which is playable on iOS devices and the Apple Watch. With that said, let's dive into the immersive world of Timecrest!

What Timecrest Is All About

Ash is a young magician in training who has succeeded in magically binding a spell to his pocket watch in order to make a connection with the human world—something that is forbidden in his world of Alyncia. You are the human with whom Ash connects, and his communication with you appears as scrolling messages on the screen of your iOS device or Apple Watch. I have tested this game using an iPhone 6 running the latest version of iOS 10, but I do not currently own an Apple Watch. Unlike many interactive fiction games, the action in Timecrest takes place over a period of time—and, as its name suggests, time is of the utmost importance in this game. Messages from Ash can appear in intervals of time ranging from a few seconds to several hours. One aspect of the game that might concern some players is the fact that notifications can appear from time to time when Ash is ready to begin communicating with you again after a pause in the action. In practical terms, however, I found these notifications to be no more intrusive than any other that may appear on my lock screen from time to time throughout the day, and game play does not seem to suffer regardless of how long it takes for you to get back to the story.

Speaking of the story, when Ash first begins communicating with you, his world is about to be destroyed by meteors. As messages from him appear on the screen, VoiceOver users will hear a sound indicating that new messages have arrived—something that sighted players do not experience. As you swipe from message to message, or even if you read the entire screen with a two-finger flick down, you will hear a unique sound when you have reached the most recent message. Yet another sound plays when Ash has stopped sending messages, and is waiting for a response from you, and still another sound is heard when Ash is unavailable for a period of time. As is the case with all other menu-driven, choice-based interactive fiction games, you must choose from a variety of options in order to move the game forward. In some cases, only one choice is available, and at other times, two or three choices are possible. Right from the start of the game, you learn that you have one crucial role to play besides advising Ash, and that is the ability to turn back time. By turning back time at various points in the game, you and Ash are able to learn about the history of his world. Who has decided to destroy Alyncia? Why is the connection between Alyncians and humans, once permitted, now forbidden? Along the way, Ash must determine who his friends are, and who his enemies might be. He makes friends, and builds a team of other young people to help him achieve his goals.

Unlike many games where a wrong move can end the story, and survival is the main goal, this 200,000-word story has many alternate paths, with various outcomes possible. Characters in the story may live or die, depending on the decisions that Ash, guided by your advice, makes along the way.

The game is free to play, but spending anywhere from .99 to $74.99 to purchase time crystals that will allow you to speed up time will enable you to complete the game more quickly. Time crystals can also be exchanged for gold—the currency of Alyncia—which Ash will need in order to buy certain items to help him accomplish his mission of ultimately trying to save his world. All items in the game have rich VoiceOver description, and a "Descriptive Help" button, which is on the screen at all times, gives blind players an overview of how to play the game using VoiceOver. One particularly notable feature of descriptive help is the ability to listen various game sounds as you swipe to their descriptions. Along the bottom of the screen as you play the game, you will find several tabs. Descriptive help changes depending on what tab has been selected, and the aforementioned help screen alerts players to the fact that some tabs will only appear once the player has reached a certain point in the game. The game developers have also made maps of Ash's world available to VoiceOver for exploration when required.

How Accessibility Came to Timecrest

In 2015, Sneaky Crab, Incorporated, a two-person mobile game company based out of San Jose, California, released Timecrest for iOS and Apple Watch, and received very good reviews including a mention in the New York Times. In July, 2016, an AppleVis user sent what Sneaky Crab CEO Justin Ng describes as a "heart-felt" message to the developers suggesting some accessibility enhancements that would make the game easier to play for those using VoiceOver. Ng and Sneaky Crab co-founder Lisa Gu have 15 years of programming experience between them, and have worked for such companies as Microsoft and Google, but Ng states that he had not worked in the area of accessibility prior to the request to improve the accessibility of Timecrest. Ng began to familiarize himself with VoiceOver on the iPhone, going so far as to use his phone with screen curtain turned on when possible for about six weeks. Screen curtain allows a blind person to use their phone with VoiceOver, while the screen appears blank to those around them.

Initially, accessibility improvements consisted of properly labeling all buttons, and making speech less verbose in certain areas of the game. By September of 2016, when a major game update was released, a number of accessibility improvements had been made, the most novel of which is the ability to turn on "pronunciation mode" which causes VoiceOver to properly pronounce the names of people and places in Alyncia. As mentioned earlier, VoiceOver users hear unique sounds when playing the game, and the "Descriptive Help" button gives information about the layout of the game, and allows players to learn the various sounds they will encounter throughout the game.

Ng believes Apple has done a good job with VoiceOver accessibility, but he wishes there were more control available. He would like to more precisely determine how and when VoiceOver speaks the sequence of events in Timecrest, thereby ensuring that important information does not inadvertently get interrupted during game play. Also, he is considering making use of Rotor actions to further enhance the game play experience for blind people.

In my years of playing various interactive fiction games, I have seldom found myself more drawn into a story than I have when playing Timecrest. The riveting plot and rich character development make this game come alive for me. Many of the characters in the game have Twitter accounts, and it is possible to earn extra gold by following and tweeting these characters once per week. The Sneaky Crab Website contains forums where game players can exchange ideas, although I have not taken a look at them as of the time of this writing.

Anyone who has the opportunity to visit with Justin Ng about Timecrest will quickly discover that he has a true passion for the story of the people of Alyncia. As of this writing, the game contains 10 chapters, divided into two parts. Part 1 is entitled "Faded Connections," and part 2 is entitled "The Door." It is not necessary to download each part separately. The story moves seamlessly from one part of the game to the next. Ng says that the story of Alyncia has not been completed yet, although a detailed roadmap exists. More installments of the game are coming, although Ng is unwilling to say just how many more at this time.

Ng believes that everyone should be able to enjoy Timecrest, and he is deeply committed to ensuring the best game play possible for people who are blind and using VoiceOver. I was surprised to learn that Ng himself enjoys playing the game using VoiceOver, and feels that it is a superior way to play the game rather than looking at the screen.

The Bottom Line

I would urge anyone who enjoys a really good interactive fiction game to give Timecrest a try. I also encourage everyone to take advantage of the game's in-app purchases in order to financially support a company who is willing to go above and beyond when it comes to making their product accessible to blind people.

What lies in store for Ash and the people of his world, and what role will you play in their fate? Only time will tell!

Product Information

Timecrest: The Door for iOS and watchOS
Developer: Sneaky Crab, Incorporated
Price: Free with in-app purchases available

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Accessible Recipes for Holiday Cooking and Entertaining

For both beginner and advanced cooks, there are numerous websites and iOS apps to go to for recipes. A recipe doesn't have to be complicated to be good, so if you are just learning, start with the easy ones. Don't worry if you make a mistake—it happens, and the result might even be tasty!

Food Network

The Food Network cable channel has their own website and an iOS app called In the Kitchen.

At the top of the website home page are links to their most popular shows and then links to access all of their shows. There are links to full episodes and links to different Food Network chefs. There are separate links to recipes from the various chefs. There are at least three ways to navigate: via the Tab key, via the links hot key, or via the Arrow keys.

The Food Network's search form consists of an edit box and a search button. A search for "Beef Stew" with the search form yielded many results. The list of results was found with the headings hot key. There were several sub categories including: Recipes, Videos, Articles & Blog Posts, and Episodes. Selecting the Recipes subcategory resulted in a page that gave the option to refine results by various categories including chef, show, and cuisine. The beef stew recipe I selected had very clear step-by step instructions. There was an option to play a video about making the stew.

If you want to save a recipe, first create an account. Then select the "Save" checkbox in the recipe and it will be saved to your recipe box.

This website has many links and can be very cluttered. Using your screen reader's hot keys for headings, links, and forms will be helpful. Recipe instructions are very clear. If you have an iOS device, consider using the Food Network's app, In the Kitchen.

In the Kitchen

In the Kitchen is a free app for iOS from the Food Network. The app requires iOS 9 or later.

At the top of the homescreen is a list of topics including: Slow Cooker, Healthy, Weeknight Dinners, and Desserts. There are five tabs at the bottom of the screen: Home, Chefs, Shows, Search, and My Stuff.

When using this app be aware that the initial screen can be cluttered and VoiceOver may indicate that you are on a different page. When this occurs, either swipe back to the page you want or close the app and re-open it.

For this demonstration, I selected the Slow Cooker topic and when the next screen loaded, I selected "Easy Slow-Cooker Recipes" from the list of categories. There were 51 recipes.

I chose Beanless Beef Chili. On the recipe screen, there were options to Save, Share, Add to Pinterest, and Read Reviews. Next were the chef's name, level of difficulty, and servings.

Under the ingredients heading was an edit box to add a note followed by the ingredient list. VoiceOver read the list in its entirety. Individual items can be read with either the character or word setting in the VoiceOver rotor.

After VoiceOver read the ingredients, it was necessary to swipe up with three fingers to find the directions page for making Chili. Again, VoiceOver read all the directions without stopping. Using the rotor set to words, worked well. Directions were very clear.

In order to save recipes, it is necessary to create an account. You can sign-in in various ways including email, Facebook, and Twitter. When the save icon is selected, there is no indication that the recipe was saved. To check, go to the My Stuff tab and it should be there.

The Chef tab lists all chefs from the Food Network. Selecting a chef will load a screen with the recipes available from him or her. There are two radio buttons to select whether the list should be sorted by date of airing or popularity. The recipe list is easy to read with VoiceOver and the recipes are easy to read.

The Shows tab contains a list of shows on the Food Network. Selecting one of the shows will bring up a list of recipes from that show. They can be sorted the same way as in the Chef tab.

The Search tab begins with an edit box that says, "I'm Craving." When letters are typed into the edit box, a list of options will appear below the box. Select the result you want. For example, I typed "yams" into the edit box and the resulting listing included yams, candied yams, and sweet potato pie. I selected candied yams and got several recipes from which to choose. At the top right of the screen is a "Filter" button for refining results.

On the same page as the search edit box is a list of ingredients including chicken, ground beef, and pasta. Selecting one will bring up a list of recipes that include the ingredient.

The In the Kitchen homescreen can be a bit confusing. If you are having trouble finding a recipe, consider using either the Chef, Shows, or Search tabs to begin your search. There are some ads on the screen, but you can just scroll past them. This site provides a wealth of information. Some recipes do include videos.

Food.com

Food.com recipes come from home chefs rather than professionals. The site includes recipe reviews.

This website has links with recipe suggestions including Popular Chicken Recipes, One-Dish Meals, and Our Newest Recipes.

The One-Dish Meals link brings up a list of recipes. Navigating by headings moves through the recipe titles. Navigating by link gives more detail about the recipe including chef and the option to save the recipe.

I selected a recipe labeled "Delicious Pot Pie."

When the next page loaded, I found the name of the recipe with my headings hot key. Unfortunately, there were photos and a lot of other unrelated information under the name. By using the headings hot key several times, I finally got to the recipe. Another way to get there would be to use the screen reader's Find command and search for the word "ingredients." Using the Up Arrow, I found the prep and cooking times and a link to nutrition information. The recipe was clearly written. Reviews were found by using my Find command with the word "Reviews."

Food.com has a search form consisting of an edit box. Once text is entered, use the Return key to execute your search. I typed in "candied yams" and with the headings hot key found I had 136 results. Before the actual recipes, there were several sorting links including Healthy and Popular. Recipes were displayed as described above.

On the recipe page is an option to add the recipe to your Recipe Box. An account must first be created to use this feature. As with many other websites and apps there is more than one way to sign-in. Find the link to add an item to your Recipe Box by using the screen reader's find command or navigate by links.

This website has a good deal of clutter. Screen reader navigation hot keys are necessary in order to get through all the links and other information on the screen.

Yes Chef Hands Free Recipe Assistant

Yes Chef is a free (or pay $4.95 per year to remove ads) iOS app. It requires iOS 8 or later.

Yes Chef lets you find recipes, go through the cooking process, save recipes, and more just by using your voice. The developer has consulted with people who are blind to insure that this app is accessible.

The first time the app launches, it presents an option to listen to the tutorial. The word to get Yes Chef to listen is "Chef." The app will play a tone and will then listen for a command. The app can follow 29 commands including: search, play, pause, repeat, courses, and save recipes. At the top left corner of the screen is a "Menu" button. This menu has options for setting speech parameters, playing the Quick Start Guide, the list of voice commands, and more. The "Close" button is at the top left of the screen.

The Quick Start guide is extremely useful. It gives lots of important information including how to search for a recipe, control Yes Chef's speech, ask questions regarding ingredients, and make a recipe.

I asked Yes Chef to search for roast chicken. There were 13 recipes. Recipe names could be read one at a time or all at once. When I found a recipe I wanted, I could not get the app to stop reading the remaining recipe titles. I needed to have the app go through the list one at a time and then I was able to tell the app the recipe I wanted.

I chose roast lemon pepper chicken with potatoes. Although I had Yes Chef read me the ingredients and directions, I could have used VoiceOver gestures to go through the recipe. Everything was clearly labeled and there was no clutter on the screen.

At the top of the page were options to save the recipe, share it or upgrade to remove ads. I instructed Yes Chef to save the recipe. The app responded, "Recipe Saved."

You can also manually search for a recipe. There is a standard edit box for entering text or dictating your search. Double tap on a result. Yes Chef will immediately start speaking.

This app is easy to use with VoiceOver or with the app's speech. It is uncluttered and all elements are clearly labeled. Sometimes the app didn't get what I was saying, but I could just repeat my message or use Voiceover to perform an action. If you are new to iOS, this app would be an excellent place to start.

Conclusion

The iOS apps were easier to navigate than the websites. Yes Chef was the easiest of all, but with a bit of practice, Food Network's In the Kitchen app works well. Unfortunately, many websites continue to have clutter, making them more difficult to use. If you have an iOS device, I would use the apps and forgo the websites.

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2016 AccessWorld Gift Guide for Recipients with Visual Impairments

Giving gifts is a pleasure understood in every culture and every language, and we at AccessWorld try to help jumpstart your creativity each year with some ideas that will be fun to give to people with visual impairments and just as much fun to receive. Last year, I rounded up a pile of ideas ranging in price from free to a bit luxurious, and the response was so appreciative that some of those ideas bear repeating in 2016.

Unique, Outstanding, and Free

Whether your gift recipient is new to visual impairment or a blind or low vision expert, there are certain items that continue to be valued highly year after year.

Dubbed the "magic wand" by many an individual new to blindness, the long white cane is a tool that gives back independence and freedom of movement. White canes are available from many companies throughout the U.S. and Canada, and vary in durability and price. One white cane, however, is entirely free of charge to any blind person requesting it. Actually, it is more than one, since you can request a second one after six months if the first one gets lost, broken, or left behind.

The program is made possible by the National Federation of the Blind. All you need to do is fill out an online form with your friend's or loved one's information and wait for the unusually long tube to arrive in the mail. To order the right length, subtract 8 to 10 inches from the recipient's overall height. The length might be adjusted in the future, according to the recipient's preference.

Another "magic wand" of blindness can be a braille slate and stylus. Even if your recipient has not yet begun to learn braille, the gift of a slate and stylus with a braille alphabet card can trigger an exploration of tactile literacy free slate and stylus can be ordered at the same time as the free white cane. For either or both, go to the National Federation of the Blind website or call 410-659-9314.

The Gift of Learning

One of the most remarkable educational resources available to blind people throughout the world is the Hadley School for the Blind.

Have you ever wanted to learn French? Or how to use Power Point? How to read braille music? Or bake a pie? Chances are that just about any skill or content pursuit you or a blind or low vision friend has entertained is available as a free correspondence course from Hadley. You and your teacher will communicate through the mail or online, via braille, large print, recordings, or live conversations. If you and your friend are both blind, try signing up for the same course and encouraging one another throughout the year.

To explore the wide range of course possibilities, go to the Hadley School for the Blind website.

Fun and Games

Holiday gift time is, of course, heavily associated with toys and children, and there are plenty of games and toys designed for children as well as adults who are blind.

Here are some of my favorites available in 2016:

Games

A few historically popular board games have been revived in new formats this year and are sleeker than ever. My two favorites are the new Cribbage board and magnetic checkers, both available from the National Federation of the Blind Independence Market

Cribbage is a centuries-old card game requiring only a deck of cards (braille or large print, of course) and a Cribbage board for pegging the score. It's fun and fast and can be equally enjoyed by people of all ages. Checkers, too, is a centuries-old favorite that has been revived in a sleek and portable format. All magnetic, this portable version of checkers can be easily carried in a tote bag. Playing pieces are distinguished both by color and shape (red and black, round and square) and spaces are easily identified by both touch and sight. Again, this is an easy game for two that can be enjoyed by all ages.

Other games available from the NFB Independence Market include Quiddler (a card game somewhat similar to Scrabble), MegaWords (again, a spinoff of Scrabble), and Shut the Box. Prices range from around $9 to $39.

Children's Books and Toys

The National Braille Press adds braille to many award-winning children's books, to be enjoyed by blind and sighted children alike. From colorful board books for infants and toddlers to stories for preschoolers and beyond, all books are sold at the same prices as in bookstores. Some books have companion products available, such as plush animals or trucks or blocks, to help bring a story to life and stimulate all the senses. Go to the National Braille Press website for a complete list, and be sure to get there in time to order the 2017 Peanuts print/braille wall calendar, which includes120 stickers.

The InSights calendar, produced each year by the American Printing House for the Blind, features the work of a blind or low vision artist on each page. The American Printing House also offers inflatable Rib-It balls of varying sizes whose crinkly texture and dual-color combinations make them easy to see and hear for kids with visual impairments. Kids of all ages might like the tactile brain-teaser Twist, Slide, and Solve ($16), or the Lots of Dots Coloring Books (about $40 each). For details or to order, visit the American Printing House for the Blind website or call 800-223-1839.

Business Owned by People with Visual Impairments

Online shopping has made it much easier to locate novelty gifts and gadgets that might otherwise remain unnoticed, and many businesses that sell such items are created and owned by people with visual impairments. Highlighting just a few, here are some ideas of what you can find for sale from a few blind entrepreneurs.

Delicious Leather Products

When Susan Loviner and Rudy Tell started their business and their marriage 40 years ago, they were both artistic and both fully sighted. The business (and the marriage) are thriving, but Susan lost her sight several years ago and is still producing a brilliant collection of all-leather, buttery-soft items.

Products range from small pouches (suitable for cash, cosmetics, or glasses) to fanny packs to larger purses, bags, and a popular backpack. The Banana purse ($38), named thus due to its curvy shape, is a cross-body soft bag perfect for a day of shopping or night on the town. Prices range from $10 to $225, and most products are available in a wide range of colors. Every item is handmade and all leather.

To order, you can attend any one of the scores of art shows and fairs featuring Rudy Tell Design Group products, or directly by emailing Rudy Tell and Susan Loviner or calling 423-487-2995.

A Little Bit of Everything

The Harbolt Company, owned and operated by Brent Harbolt, offers a range of technical and household items. Speakers, headphones, and laptops are sold alongside tote bags and pocket knives. Quantities available are often limited, but there are frequent specials to keep buyer interest high. A unique feature is that Brent himself makes an audio recording describing each product from the perspective of a blind person. Visit the Harbolt Company website or call 405-633-2572.

Talking MP3 players

If you read the article in the June 2016 AccessWorld reviewing the Talking Daisy and MP3 Player, you have already met Laz Mesa, owner of Accessible Electronics. As the title suggests, the primary products sold by this company are talking MP3 players, although other electronics such as bluetooth speakers, headphones, SD cards, and more are also often available. Email or call 727-498-0121.

AT Guys

Many AccessWorld readers may already be familiar with the AT Guys, whose proprietor, J.J. Meddaugh, has been rounding up bargains and selling assistive technology products for several years now. Once again, because the company is led by blind individuals, a range of innovative and useful products are available on the site. In addition to a number of accessories for iOS and Android phones and tablets, including headphones, speakers, keyboards, and more, the AT Guys offerings include both innovative and ordinary tech solutions. The iGrill Mini lets you know when your food on the grill or in the oven has reached a desired temperature. The TCL Pulse, operated via a smartphone app, vibrates to wake you up in the morning, and other devices allow you to control your lights or coffee maker when away from home, get GPS directions, and more.

Accessible Entertainment

If you or your gift recipient is a movie lover, there are plenty of new options available with audio description to enhance the appreciation of a TV show or movie by someone who can't see the visual details on the screen. Movie tickets to any Cinemark Theater, for example, will pretty much ensure that the chosen movie will be one including a descriptive track. (Just ask for the headset for audio description at the box office.) If you want your gift to be enjoyed anytime in the quiet of the recipient's home, try a subscription to Netflix. For about $8 a month, subscribers can now choose from a growing variety of TV shows and movies, including "Daredevil," "Grace and Frankie," "House of Cards," and many more.

A Range of Products for Low Vision and Low Hearing

Independent Living Aids offers an eclectic range of products for people with vision and/or hearing disabilities. The company offers products to make cooking, reading, recreation, using technology, and a host of other pursuits more accessible. The Moshi interactive alarm clock ($45.95) responds to 12 voice commands, and will tell the time, temperature, and more. The Moshi Neck Pillow ($414.95), is a neck massager and reading light in one. Whether you want to magnify the print on your recipe cards or amplify the sound delivered by your television, ILA has a product to try. Visit or call 800-537-2118.

Personal Tech Toy Favorites

On a final note, our editor suggested that I list my own personal favorites in tech toys this season.

For the hottest new technology for braille readers (or those who our braille-reading wannabees!), the Orbit Reader 20 from the American Printing House for the Blind definitely heads the list. Although the exact price is not known at this writing, APH says it will be under $500 and that units will be ready to ship for Christmas. To order, call 800-223-1839 or visit the American Printing House for the Blind.

Although not quite as new on the scene, my other top pick for just plain trendy and fun tech would be any one of the Amazon Echo models. I sometimes hear Alexa in the background when talking to various friends on the phone and, well, it just sounds like great fun asking the voice across the room to tell you the weather, play some music, or fill in the blank for the currently unanswered fact or puzzle.

Prices range from $40 to $180 for various models, which you can read about in previous issues of AccessWorld.

Most of the suggestions in this round-up are ones that would or could naturally incorporate the best of all gifts any one of us can give another. That, of course, is you and your time. Watch a show, play a game, or otherwise make yourself available to participate in the pleasure of the gift you give. The result will be joy that extends beyond a single occasion.

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'Tis the Season

Lee Huffman

Dear AccessWorld readers,

Last month, AccessWorld served up great holiday shopping reviews of the Best Buy and QVC websites and apps as alternatives to the stress and inconvenience of brick and mortar shopping at "stores with doors."

In this December issue, Deborah Kendrick provides her suggestions for holiday gift giving in her article, AccessWorld 2016 Accessible Holiday Gift Guide. In this issue, Janet Ingber also offers even more information for reducing the stress of the holiday season by providing reviews of accessible culinary and recipe websites and apps.

There is still time to get the shopping done, so if you missed these articles, you can follow the above links or, as always, you can select the "Back Issues" button to check out any past online holiday issue of AccessWorld.

If you happen to be doing some cooking this time of year, you may also want to revisit Deborah Kendrick's November 2010 review of the Directions for Me website, Website Evaluation: Directions for Me, a Gift to People Who Can't Read the Box. This article may help take the guesswork out of preparing those holiday meals by having package directions available at your fingertips.

If you find yourself needing a break from all the pre- or post-holiday rush or festivities, you may want to consider a stop at the local movie theater. As you know, audio description technology in movie theaters is becoming increasingly available. Relying on a friend or family member or imagining what might be happening in the film is no longer necessary. It's now possible to become completely immersed in the theater experience and enjoy films on an entirely new level. So sit back, relax, and take a break from the holiday rush.

A lot has happened in this past year of technology, from smaller changes to hardware and software, to exciting new accessible apps and advances in vision research. One additional exciting event for the AccessWorld team was receiving its second Honorable Mention Eddie award at the 2016 Folio Awards in the Digital, Non-profit, Standalone Magazine category. For more than 20 years, the Eddie & Ozzie Awards have recognized excellence in magazine editorial and design across all sectors of the industry.

This year, a panel of more than 300 judges narrowed 2,800 entries into a pool of roughly 1,000 finalists. In total, over 250 awards were given out across 33 categories. The awards are broken into four main categories: Eddies and Eddies Digital for the best in print and digital editorial, and Ozzies and Ozzies Digital for the best in magazine and website design. The Folio: Eddie and Ozzie Awards celebrate excellence in editorial and design across multiple markets. This awards program is the only one of its kind to honor both magazine and digital design and journalism in the consumer, business-to-business, association, regional, and non-profit sectors. Winners and honorable mentions were recognized in New York City on October 31, 2016, during a celebratory luncheon at The Folio: Show held at the Mid-town Hilton.

The AccessWorld team works hard to bring information to our readers, and we are honored and humbled by this recognition.

All the while, we here at AccessWorld have done our best to keep you updated and informed in 2016, and the team certainly hopes you have enjoyed reading the publication and have personally benefited from our coverage of the technology and issues most relevant to people with visual impairments.

If you have benefitted from information presented in AccessWorld, we would like to know about it. We would appreciate you sharing how information in AccessWorld has been of benefit to you, your student, or someone you care about. Please send your story to us; we are always excited to receive your feedback, and we sincerely appreciate you reading AccessWorld.

Also, in this season of giving, as the Editor-in-Chief of AccessWorld, I would like to ask for your support. The American Foundation for the Blind and, in turn, AccessWorld, depend, in large part, on private donations from people just like you.

If you read AccessWorld and are in a position to do so, I would appreciate you considering a gift to AccessWorld. Your donation will help us continue our work on behalf of people who are blind or visually impaired.

Each dollar you donate allows us to:

  • Review assistive and mainstream technologies, websites, and mobile apps
  • Provide technology resources and support for everyone affected by blindness or visual impairment, including senior citizens, parents, families, and friends
  • Offer a hub of technology information for professionals in the vision loss field

AccessWorld is here for the millions of people living with blindness and low vision because friends like you are here for us. If you would like to make a donation to AccessWorld, please visit the AccessWorld donation page. I ask for your assistance and also ask that you encourage your friends, family, and colleagues to join in our efforts.

I would also like to thank our generous readers who donated to AccessWorld at this time last year. Your contributions helped us to have our most successful year ever. AccessWorld was able to publish nearly 20 percent more content in 2016 and reach thousands more people needing information about accessibility.

The AccessWorld team wishes you a happy and healthy holiday season. We look forward to bringing you the latest in tech news in the coming year!

Best regards,
Lee Huffman, AccessWorld Editor-in-Chief
American Foundation for the Blind

Letters to the Editor

Dear AccessWorld Editor,

In response to Lyft and Uber Have Changed the Transportation Game for People with Visual Impairments, by Deborah Kendrick:

Just wanted to note that I recently spent a week in Lisbon, Portugal, where I found using Uber particularly gratifying. It was nice not needing to worry about payment in Euros. Perhaps the trickiest part was entering the destination address using unfamiliar, foreign language constructs. Of course the app's history helped get me back to commonly used destinations like my hotel.

All of my drivers spoke English. Though that may not be something one can rely on, one can rely on the familiar app interface just as when using the app in one's home environs.

Janina

Dear AccessWorld Editor,

In response to Lyft and Uber Have Changed the Transportation Game for People with Visual Impairments by Deborah Kendrick:

I think an actual "session" of how you used the app, and how you and the driver found each other, would be helpful. I still feel uneasy taking the plunge with my poor Haring.

Mike Keithley

Dear AccessWorld Editor,

I thought The Nearby Explorer Blindness-Focused Navigation App from APH Comes to iOS by Shelly Brisbin, was well written, and as a user who switched from Sendero GPS to Nearby Explorer, I can say I find this app a big improvement. It's as close as we'll ever get to having the Trekker available to us on iOS.?A new feature readers should know about is the ability to show or hide items on the home screen.?Thanks for your technology reviews, they are detailed and useful!

Angie Staudt

President, Virtual Vision Technologies

Dear AccessWorld Editor,

I thoroughly enjoyed the November AccessWorld article, Lyft and Uber Have Changed the Transportation Game for People with Visual Impairments and very much agree with Deborah Kendrick's perspective and insights!

To her point and for me having once been a driver, these ride-sharing services offer me just about the same ability to walk out my back door, into my garage and hop into my car!

I've never used Lyft, but will download the app, now that you have pointed out they might be a little more competitive around pricing.

However, I have used Uber and can only point to one "bad" experience when we were in Chicago, two Ubers pulled-up and we got into the wrong one, so had to back track and place a second request.

And, to your point even more, I can have access to the ride-sharing service without having to make a car payment, insurance, gas, maintenance, etc.

So, until we finally get to our own self-driving cars, ride-sharing is truly wonderful!

Thanks,

Tom Tobin

Dear AccessWorld Editor,

Love the AccessWorld app. It would be fantastic, though, if you could update it to send a push notification which could let the user know when a new edition of the mag comes out.

Once more, thanks for a fantastic application and keep up the good work.

Kind regards

Martin Roberts

AccessWorld News

Access World Takes a Brief Look at the iDentifi iOS Recognition App

If you are blind or visually impaired and own a smartphone, undoubtedly you have at least tried one of the several item recognition apps we have covered here at AccessWorld. One of the latest mentioned was Bespecular, an app that enables you to snap a photo of that mystery box in your pantry, a street sign, or anything else you need help identifying, pose a question, and send it along to a network of human volunteers.

Recently, a new object recognition app was released called iDentifi. As the small "I" suggests, it's available for iOS devices from the App Store, and it's free.

Besides offering yet another choice for remote help, which is always useful, iDentifi has another feature of interest. Whereas Bespecular, TapTapSee, and other such apps have historically required teams of developers and hundreds of thousands of dollars to produce, iDentifi was created by a single individual, a Toronto 12th grade student named Amon Tukrel.

Tukrel spent a summer interning at an advertising company that processes YouTube videos for recognized objects, then uses this data to supply related advertisements. The company used an image recognition system called ImageNet, and Tukrel, who has an aunt who has a visual impairment and lives in India, thought he might be able to adapt this engine to produce an app she and others could use to help them shop and accomplish various household tasks.

The app offers users their choice of 26 different languages, and it's currently being used by visually impaired people in 45 countries around the world. Along with the "Low Accuracy" recognition engine, which returns results almost instantly, users can also select the "High Accuracy," yet slower, CloudSight engine, one of the same resources used by TapTapSee. The iDentifi app can also perform OCR by way of Google's Cloud Vision API. Results are spoken by the device's default voice. Unfortunately, results are not displayed on the screen for review, or for use by braille users.

Users can select an image from their device's photo library, or summon the iOS Photo App to snap a new picture. There is no focusing help, however, and for some reason the camera app always defaults to Flash off, even after repeated resetting.

During testing, the fast, ImageNet engine tended to produce results such as "It is a room," or "It is a yellow…"

The "High Accuracy" CrowdSight option did produce some impressive results, including: "Black metal dog crate," "Green plants in wooden box near white watering hose," "Stainless steel teapot on black induction range top," and "Campbell's Chunky Chili with Beans."

Text mode worked well for sorting and reading mail. It also did a fair job reading a computer screen when speech failed. Of course all of these results are a function of the recognition engine's capabilities, and are thus beyond the developer's control.

Currently, the iDentifi app tends to be a bit buggy. When recognizing text, it is difficult to pause or stop speech. The app crashes occasionally, and the interface is a bit more complicated than it needs to be. For example, to change accuracy settings requires the user to go two menus deep and then return back through the same two levels. Even so, this 18-year-old's app has much to recommend it. The iDentifi app garnered a silver medal at the Canada Wide Science Fair and Tukrel has received scholarship awards from the University of British Columbia, Dalhousie University, University of Ottawa, Western University, and York University.

Here's hoping this young man decides to continue working in the accessibility arena.

The American Foundation for the Blind to Begin Accepting Applications for its 2017 Scholarship Program

The American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) administers three post-secondary education scholarships for up to 7 deserving students who are legally blind. The available scholarships for 2017 are detailed below.

The Rudolph Dillman Memorial Scholarship: Four scholarships of $2,500

Requirements:

  • Full-time Undergraduate or Graduate student
  • Studying rehabilitation or education of persons who are blind and/or visually impaired
The Paul and Ellen Ruckes Scholarship: Two scholarships of $2,000

Requirements:

  • Full time Undergraduate or Graduate student
  • Studying engineering or computer, physical, or life sciences
The R.L. Gillette, Gladys C. Anderson, and Karen D. Carsel Memorial Scholarship: One scholarship of $3,500

Requirements:

  • Female
  • Undergraduate student
  • Studying music

Visit the AFB scholarships website for further information and to fill out the application.

Please direct questions and comments to:
American Foundation for the Blind Information Center,
Telephone: 800-232-5463,
Email: afbinfo@afb.net

NHTSA Sets "Quiet Car" Safety Standard to Protect Pedestrians

The US Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration announced that it is adding a sound requirement for all newly manufactured hybrid and electric light-duty vehicles to help protect pedestrians. The new federal safety standard will help pedestrians who are blind, have low vision, and other pedestrians detect the presence, direction and location of these vehicles when they are traveling at low speeds, which will help prevent about 2,400 pedestrian injuries each year once all hybrids in the fleet are properly equipped.

Under the new rule, all hybrid and electric light vehicles with four wheels and a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less will be required to make audible noise when traveling in reverse or forward at speeds up to 20 miles per hour. At higher speeds, the sound alert is not required because other factors, such as tire and wind noise, provide adequate audible warning to pedestrians.

Manufacturers have until September 1, 2019, to equip all new hybrid and electric vehicles with sounds that meet the new federal safety standard. Half of new hybrid and electric vehicles must be in compliance one year before the final deadline.

The new standard, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 141, responds to Congress' mandate in the Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act that hybrid and electric vehicles meet minimum sound requirements to provide an audible alert for blind and visually-impaired pedestrians.

2016 Louis Braille Touch of Genius Prize for Innovation?Award of Up to $20,000

The 2016 Louis Braille Touch of Genius Prize for Innovation will be awarded to an individual, group of individuals, or company who has developed innovative, accessible computer software, Android applications, iOS applications, or tactile hardware that promote braille and/or tactile literacy for blind people.

Louis Braille was an innovator–and this award seeks to identify and inspire future innovation. Potentially, the award process will inspire new strategic directions for National Braille Press (NBP).

The Prize can be granted for:

  • professional software and apps;
  • educational software and apps;
  • gaming software or apps that promote tactile and braille learning;
  • braille or tactile-related hardware.

In any of these areas, the innovative project must demonstrate some aspect of tactile literacy for blind people and promote braille literacy or access to information. Tactile literacy refers to any product, method, or service that has the effect of increasing access to information through the sense of touch. Braille itself is an example of tactile literacy and will be given special consideration, but eligible innovations are not limited to braille.

The Touch of Genius Prize is provided through support from The Gibney Family Foundation and National Braille Press.

Eligibility

Individuals, groups of individuals, or companies are encouraged to apply.

The Touch of Genius Prize for Innovation may be awarded for a completed project or a concept in the functional prototype stage that shows viability and will improve opportunities for blind people worldwide. Applications in the functional prototype stage will be given stronger consideration. Submissions can be stand-alone products or part of a larger curriculum, program, or hardware package. In the opinion of the judges, the proposed innovation should demonstrate feasibility and have the potential for achieving the following criteria.

Criteria

A priority for awarding the Touch of Genius Prize for Innovation is to foster and reward innovation in the field of tactile and braille literacy for blind people.

For accessible computer, software, tactile hardware, and applications to be competitive for the Prize, they must be clearly innovative, based on a tactile interface, and increase literacy or access to information. Projects must promote the use of braille, braille literacy, tactile literacy, or tactile learning.

Other criteria to be considered include the following:

  • Discoveries that demonstrate a remarkable improvement over prior products or methods
  • Applications that improve educational opportunities for people who are blind
  • Innovations that foster independent and user-friendly access to information
  • Creative outcomes that can be applied globally
Selection Process

Applications and nominations will be reviewed by The Touch of Genius Prize for Innovation Adjudication Committee, comprising experts from various, and relevant fields. All decisions relating to the selection of Prize Winners are final, and will be at the sole discretion of the Adjudication Committee.

The Adjudication Committee reserves the right to split the $20,000 prize in order to offer multiple Prizes in any given year, including but not limited to Honorable Mentions.

Application Requirements

The application document is available on NBP's website. Applications will be accepted from individuals, groups of individuals, companies, or someone advocating on behalf of either. Completed applications must include the following:

  1. Signed application form. If the application is being submitted by a third party, the form must be signed by both the applicant and the individual or leading representative of the group of individuals who are being nominated.

  2. A document no more than 10 pages, summarizing the project and showing outcome realization for both potential concepts and fully realized projects:

Describe the project or innovation., Outline how it exhibits innovation. Innovation is defined, in general terms, as a remarkable improvement or discovery that has a direct impact on tactile literacy for blind people and meets the Prize criteria., Explain the potential for an emerging project, including target markets, production costs, if applicable, and prospects to bring the proposed innovation to market., Include measurements of success to date and potential impact on the field., Express challenges and limitations experienced with production or distribution of proposed innovation., Include any other materials that could be helpful to the judges. All materials submitted must be in an accessible format (see Submission Requirements below.).

  1. Functional prototype. Please include simple instructions for testing the prototype. We strongly suggest submitting a functional prototype or accessible video presentation along with your application.

  2. Two letters of recommendation from colleagues, professors, or any other professional in a position to comment on the innovation. Letters of recommendation should be emailed to GeniusPrize@nbp.org as a locked PDF by the author(s). Please reference the application for further recommendation requirements.

Submission Requirements
  1. Applications must be submitted electronically.

  2. Completed applications must be received by January 9, 2017.

PLEASE NOTE: Incomplete applications will not be reviewed by the Adjudication Committee.

  1. Application documents must be clearly labeled either by internal heading or document name (e.g., Form, Summary, Outcomes/Realizations, Supplementary Information)p?

  2. Electronic documents must be in an accessible format, such as Word; any PDFs must be accompanied by another accessible version of the document.

  3. Images and videos included with your application must be described either with captions or audio description, as some members of the Adjudication Committee are blind or visually impaired. Please see this video as an example.

  4. While we encourage international applications, we request that all submissions be in English to ensure accurate translation and comprehension.

National Braille Press welcomes the potential opportunity to partner with the Touch of Genius Prize for Innovation winner to further promote access to information through tactile literacy.

Send your application and all supporting materials to:

  1. Applications and Letters to: GeniusPrize@nbp.org

  2. Prototypes: Touch of Genius Prize for Innovation, National Braille Press,88 Saint Stephen Street Boston, MA 02115

Questions? Please visit our website or contact geniusprize@nbp.org or 617-266-6160, ext. 412.

Gavin and Ninetta Herbert Pursue Vision for Improving Eye Health with $5 Million Estate Gift to Spur Breakthrough Retinal Research

Allergan founder Gavin Herbert and his wife, Ninetta, have pledged $5 million to advance retinal research at UC Irvine Health's Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, the academic eye care center named in his honor.

Groundbreaking research is a hallmark of the Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, where physicians and scientists are making steady progress toward eradicating preventable blindness. At any given time, there are 25 to 30 investigations underway. They address diverse aspects of eye health ? from engineering an artificial cornea to preserving sight in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and from improved treatment for blepharospasms, which are uncontrollable eyelid muscle contractions, to a promising solution for dry age-related macular degeneration, or retinal atrophy.

The Herberts? gift is dedicated to expanding the breadth and depth of research into the retina, the part of the eye responsible for converting light into the images that are transmitted to the brain. The retina is associated with such conditions as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and retinal detachment.

Gavin and Ninetta Herbert and his mother, Josephine Herbert Gleis, provided the initial naming gift for the Orange County vision hub in 2007. Herbert went on to inspire many local ophthalmology companies and individuals to contribute to the institute's new home, serving as a major force in funding construction of the $39 million building entirely through private philanthropy. He also introduced founding director Dr. Roger Steinert to the Orange County ophthalmology community, leading to Steinert's eventual move from a Harvard Medical School professorship to chair the UC Irvine Department of Ophthalmology.

Herbert was the first president of the Chancellor's Club, a community of UCI alumni, parents, faculty and friends who have made a commitment to invest in areas that further university excellence in academics, research and service. He has received the campus's highest honor, the UCI Medal, for his bold vision and support.

AFB Press announces the publication of College Bound: A Guide for Students with Visual Impairments, Second Edition, by Ellen Trief, Ed.D.

AFB Press is pleased to announce the publication of College Bound: A Guide for Students with Visual Impairments, Second Edition by Ellen Trief, Ed.D. The revised and updated College Bound helps students who are blind or visually impaired prepare for their new life in college, develop useful skills, and negotiate for and coordinate appropriate services.

This large-print guide also includes strategies for organization, time management, research, studying, and self-advocacy. You?ll also find information about college application procedures, navigating the web, and assistive technology. College Bound is an invaluable resource for students and their parents and teachers, as well as high school counselors, rehabilitation counselors, rehabilitation teachers, and coordinators of college disability services. The large-print paperback is 342 pages long and is priced at $44.95; e-books at $31.95; and online subscription at $26.95.

Submissions are Now Being Accepted for Envision Conference 2017 Presentations in Clinical Education Courses and Research Abstracts.

The deadline for submissions is February 26, 2017.

To start the submissions process it is important that you have an up-to-date My Profile account with Envision University, and that you are logged in to your account. Your My Profile account needs to include a current Curriculum Vitae (CV), a biographical paragraph, and a headshot photo.

Adding additional authors/presenters. Adding multiple co-authors and co-presenters to your submission is easy. Simply add your co-author's email address in the Additional Contributors field of the online submission form. The co-authors and co-presenters you select will need to have an account with Envision University before you can add them as contributors.

On the Envision University website menu, select Submissions.

Submission Category. In the drop-down menu, select either Envision Conference Clinical Education Course or Envision Conference Research Abstract. Multiple submissions, in both categories of Clinical Education and Research Abstracts, by a single author or multiple authors are accepted.

Submit Now!

Justice Department Revises Regulations to Require Closed Movie Captioning and Audio Description for People with Disabilities

On November 22, 2016, The Justice Department today announced an Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Title III regulation to further clarify a public accommodation's obligation to provide appropriate auxiliary aids and services for people with disabilities. The final rule provides that public accommodations that own, operate or lease movie theaters are required to provide closed movie captioning and audio description whenever showing a digital movie that is produced, distributed or otherwise made available with these features.

Title III of the ADA requires public accommodations to furnish appropriate auxiliary aids and services, where necessary, to ensure effective communication with people with disabilities, and the department has long held the position that captioning and audio description are auxiliary aids required by the ADA. Despite this obligation and the widespread availability of movies with these features, the department received numerous reports from the disability community indicating that neither closed movie captioning nor audio description is universally available at movie theaters across the United States.

The department initiated this rulemaking on June 10, 2010, with the publication of its Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) and then published its Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) on Aug. 1, 2014. In total, the department received over 1,500 comments on the ANPRM and the NPRM, including a comment on the NPRM that was jointly submitted by advocacy groups representing individuals with hearing disabilities and the movie theater industry. The department intends to publish the final rule in the Federal Register in the near future, and the rule will take effect 45 days after publication.

"The disability community and movie theater industry provided comprehensive insight on this important regulation," said Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General Vanita Gupta, head of the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division. "The Justice Department's regulation establishes a nationally consistent standard and ensures that, in theaters across the country, people with hearing and vision disabilities can fully enjoy watching movies with their families and friends."

The final rule requires movie theaters to have available and maintain the equipment necessary to provide closed movie captioning and audio description so that it is delivered to a movie patron's seat and available only to that patron. Movie theaters are also required to notify the public about the availability of these features and have staff available to assist movie patrons with the equipment.

The requirements of this rule do not apply to any movie theater that shows analog movies exclusively. Additionally, the compliance limitations under Title III of the ADA apply to this rulemaking, and thus, the rule makes clear that movie theaters do not have to comply with the rule's requirements if compliance would result in an undue burden or a fundamental alteration.

For more information about this rule or the ADA, please visit the department's ADA website or call the ADA Information Line (1-800-514-0301, 1-800-514-3083, TTY). Once the final rule is published in the Federal Register, a copy will be available on the Federal Register's website.

W3C's Web Accessibility Initiative: Leading the Charge in Web Accessibility Across the Globe

As society continues to become increasingly more reliant on the World Wide Web for essential products, services, and information, the importance of inclusion and accessibility in the digital arena has rapidly become a right and a necessity. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) plays a leading role pertaining to digital access and the Web. W3C represents an international community consisting of member organizations, full-time staff, and participation from the public related to?Web standards. At the helm of W3C is none other than the inventor of the Web, Tim Berners-Lee. W3C launched the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) in 1997 with endorsement from the White House and W3C members.

WAI was established as an effort to improve the accessibility of the Web for people with disabilities. WAI is comprised of a number of working groups and interest groups focusing on guidelines, technical reports, educational materials and other documents related to Web accessibility. These include Web content, Web browsers, media players, authoring tools and evaluation tools.

WCAG: What It Is and How It Impacts You

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, referred to as WCAG, were first published under WAI in 1999, and were coined WCAG 1.0. The document consisted of 14 points for accessible design for individuals with varying types of disabilities. Because of rapid advancements in technology, and the increased use of the Web for information, communication, entertainment, and e-commerce, technology quickly outpaced WCAG 1.0. A substantial update, WCAG 2.0, was published in 2008. It can be argued that WCAG 2.0 is beginning to also show its age, though it does represent a robust and forward thinking set of 12 guidelines under four principles that continue to be relevant today. The four principles (P.O.U.R.) are the following:

  • Perceivable: text alternatives are equivalents for non-text content
  • Operable user interface and navigation
  • Understandable: information and user interface
  • Robust content and reliable interpretation

WCAG 2.0 has been voluntarily accepted and employed by numerous American educational institutions and organizations. It has also been referenced by laws in more than a dozen countries, and includes the European Union. WAI's contribution to the creation and publication of WCAG has been one of the most significant contributions to Web accessibility around the globe.

Disabilities as Defined by WCAG 2.0

WCAG 2.0 takes into account the multiple ways in which people with disabilities access and navigate the Web, depending on their individual needs and preferences. A universal design approach is applied. Common categories of people with disabilities include the following:

  • Blindness
  • Color Blindness
  • Low Vision
  • Deafness
  • Motor Disabilities
  • Cognitive Disabilities
  • Speech Disabilities

For organizations seeking to meet accessibility guidelines and standards through their web-based products and services, the above-mentioned categories may initially appear daunting. However, it is important to keep in mind that the needs of people with various disabilities frequently overlap one another. As an example, individuals who are blind and rely on a screen reading program are unable to access the mouse. Individuals with tremors or ambulatory challenges may also be unable to physically manipulate the mouse or the keyboard and therefore require other peripheral devices such as switches. Individuals with disabilities who rely on "puff and sip" devices activated by airflow from a person's mouth, speech-to-text solutions such as Dragon Naturally Speaking, and screen readers such as JAWS and NVDA, benefit from technologies that are programmatically designed for keyboard input. Creating a website that is keyboard accessible is just one example of how people with a wide range of disabilities is accomplished simultaneously. Improving Web accessibility frequently improves user experience and access for everyone.

Strategies, Guidelines, and Resources

WAI provides valuable information for creating a more accessible online experience, including resources to promote a better understanding of people with disabilities. Technical code inspection, remediation tools, and techniques are some of the ways in which greater Web accessibility may be achieved. For a comprehensive list of WAI's offerings in these areas, visit the WAI homepage.

WAI has recently made available several high-quality "Perspective Videos" that illustrate various ways in which people with disabilities access the Web. Key design strategies are also introduced that address or prevent existing barriers. These videos can be accessed at Perspective Videos and include the following topics:

  • Keyboard Compatibility
  • Clear Layout and Design
  • Large Links
  • Buttons and Controls
  • Customizable Text
  • Understandable Content
  • Colors with Good Contrast
  • Text-to-Speech
  • Video Captions
  • Voice Recognition
  • Notifications and Feedback

Tips and Tutorials for Getting Started with Web Accessibility

WAI provides some well-written, role-based resources that assist designers, writers and developers in incorporating greater Web accessibility. These include user interface and visual design, writing and presenting content, markup, and coding. These resources can be accessed at Tips for Getting Started with Web Accessibility. WAI also provides a list of "Easy Checks" for Web accessibility which, in most cases, require minimal effort to incorporate. Examples are: relevant page titles, effectively coded headings, improvement of contrast ratios, and effectively labeled form elements. Another especially helpful resource is the "Before and After Demonstration" that compares the look and function of an inaccessible website to an accessible one.

WCAG: Past, Present, and Future

One of the weaknesses of WCAG 1.0 was its dependency on specific technology. For example, it referenced HTML almost exclusively. WCAG 2.0 was designed to be much more technology agnostic and forward-thinking than WCAG 1.0. For instance, if the technology has accessibility support, and it is used appropriately with that support, the requirements of WCAG 2.0 can very often be met.

Nearly a decade after its finalization, WCAG 2.0 continues to remain relevant and applicable today. In fact, many of the settlements in recent years by the Department of Justice pertaining to inaccessible websites specifically reference WCAG 2.0.

As forward-thinking as the design of WCAG 2.0 was back in 2008, the exponential growth of technology in recent years has necessitated the need for standards and guidelines that could not have been foreseen when WCAG 2.0 was first published. The ubiquity of mobile devices equipped with smaller displays, additional touch-based user input methods, haptic feedback, payment systems and driverless vehicles are just some examples requiring an expansion of WCAG 2.0. In order to account for these rapidly evolving technologies, work is currently underway to provide an updated version of WCAG 2.0, referred to as WCAG 2.1. Current projections are for WCAG 2.1 to be finalized in mid-2018. The goals for WCAG 2.1 are that it is restricted in scope, that it be as similar to WCAG 2.0 as possible, and that it is fully backwards compatible, thereby complimenting and supporting, rather than replacing, WCAG 2.0.

The role that technological advancements will play in every facet of our lives will only continue to grow. The communication of every day products, appliances, and devices with one another is in its infancy, and is already revolutionizing the way in which we utilize, and interact with, the world around us. For instance, the Nest thermostat mobile app tracks your physical proximity to your home, and can thereby regulate the temperature of your home accordingly on your arrival. The Amazon Echo allows you to order food, request an Uber driver, control your lights, temperature, door locks, window shades, and a whole host of other functions and activities that continues to expand daily. As the number of interactive devices involved in our daily lives continues to increase, ensuring that they all successfully communicate and interact with one another will be paramount. The W3C is actively pursuing standards to address the need for a common platform that allows a host of objects and devices to seamlessly communicate with one another known as the W3C Web of Things (WoT). Under the WAI Initiative, W3C is committed to ensuring that core protocols and standards that are being developed also take into consideration accessibility for people with disabilities. These protocols and standards are likely to be included with the eventual release of WCAG 3.0.

Web Accessibility as Investment, Not Philanthropy

With an increase in our aging population, along with the awesome potential of technology to level the playing field for people with all disabilities, Web accessibility has become more important than ever. Providing a more fully accessible Web experience for everyone is increasingly recognized as a wise financial investment to an agency or institution's bottom line, and provides a whole host of benefits, including an expansion of its customer base, employee productivity and retention, reduced risk of litigation, search engine optimization, and improved public relations. The challenges related to improved Web accessibility are very often less about technological hurdles and more about education and a greater understanding of people with disabilities. With the tremendous impact that WAI continues to have on guidelines and standards implemented and adopted by an increasing number of countries around the world, the Web can and will be experienced more fully by all people across the globe.

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